COVID-19 infection among vaccinated and unvaccinated: Does it make any difference?

Abstract

Objective There is a probability that vaccination may lead to reduction in the severity and complications associated with COVID-19 infection among hospitalized patients. This study aimed to determine the characteristics, clinical profiles, and outcomes of COVID-19 infection in vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients. Design and data sources This prospective observational cohort study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) and recruited COVID-19 patients admitted between June 1st and September 30th, 2021. Patients’ demographics, date of admission and discharge, comorbid conditions, immunization status for COVID-19 infection, presenting complaints, lab workup and computed tomography (CT) scan findings were obtained from the medical records. The primary outcome of the study was patients’ condition at discharge and the secondary outcomes included level of care, length of stay (LOS), requirement of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and inotropic support. Results Among a cohort of 434 patients, 37.7% (n = 164), 6.6% (n = 29) and 55.5% (n = 241) were fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated, and unvaccinated, respectively. Around 3% and 42.9% of the patient required inotropic and NIV support respectively; however, there was no discernible difference between them in terms of vaccination status. In case of unvaccinated patients there were significantly increased number of critical care admissions (p-value 0.043). Unvaccinated patients had significantly higher median serum procalcitonin, ferritin, LDH and D-dimer levels. Around 5.3% (n = 23) of the patient required invasive ventilation and it was more common in unvaccinated patients (p-value 0.04). Overall, mortality rate was 12.2% (n = 53) and this was higher (16.2%, n = 39) in unvaccinated patients as compared to fully vaccinated patients (6.1%, n = 10, p-value 0.006). Conclusions Through this preliminary data, we can conclude that patient can develop severe and critical COVID-19 infection despite being vaccinated but this proportion is low as compared to unvaccinated population. So, uninterrupted endeavors need to be done to vaccinate as many individuals as possible. Furthermore, more effective vaccinations need to be developed to lessen the high death toll of COVID-19 infection.

Biochemical Study for The Effect of Sinopharm COVID‐19 Vaccine

“…The results of the current study showed that the level of troponin significantly elevated in the sera of individuals who take the Sinopharm vaccine, Previous studies did not refer to a study of the effect of the Sinopharm vaccine on the level of troponin, but (Zibaeenezhad et al, 2022) indicated an increase in the level of troponin after the first dose of this vaccine for a study of the type of case report. The increase in LDH activity in the present study may be a marker for myocarditis, agreeing with the finding of (Fatima et al, 2022) who indicated that the enzyme activity increased in vaccine recipients, whether it was Pfizer, Sinopharm, Moderna, or others, as well as among people infected with the COVID-19 virus compared to healthy people. While the level of D-dimer didn't show any significant difference after receiving the Sinopharm vaccine.…”

“…While the level of ferritin didn't show any significant difference after receiving the Sinopharm vaccine. The elevated level of MDA with reducing in the level of antioxidants represent in GSH in the present study indicates that vaccinations under oxidative stress, in which the antioxidants in the cells such as glutathione improve the immune system and prevent the oxidative processes in the body by removing the toxic materials in the cells such as free radicals or peroxides (Fatima et al, 2022), While the level of peroxy nitrate didn't show any significant difference after receiving the Sinopharm vaccine.…”

Biochemical Study for The Effect of Pfizer‐BioNTech COVID‐19 Vaccine

“…The results of the current study showed that the level of troponin was not affected by the Pfizer vaccine, this result was in disagreement with the finding of (Acharya et al, 2021) which indicates that the level of troponin significantly elevated among Pfizer vaccinators, and they interpreted this increase to the inflammatory and immune response to mRNA vaccine which may be cause myocarditis as one of the conformed side effects of Pfizer vaccine (Marshall et al, 2021;Aye et al, 2021). The increase in LDH activity in the present study may be a marker for myocarditis, and this result agreed with the finding of (Fatima et al, 2022) who indicated that the activity of LDH significantly elevated in sera of individuals who take Pfizer vaccinators. In addition, (Smadja et al, 2021) showed that the level of d-dimer was significantly elevated in the plasma of people who received doses of the Pfizer vaccine, these results agree with the finding of the current study, and this finding indicates that elevated level of D-dimer represents one of the side effects of Pfizer vaccine which activate the coagulation pathways.…”

Laboratory Findings and Clinical Outcomes of ICU-admitted COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Assessment of Particularities Identified among Romanian Minorities

“…In addition, it seems that some racial and ethnic groups are more prone to comorbidities that predispose them to poorer COVID-19 results, as well as certain unique genetic characteristics that relate the severity of infection with the demographic profile of those groups. Similarly, it is expected that Roma patients are less likely to be vaccinated against COVID-19; therefore, they might have a more severe response to the viral infection [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. To the best of our knowledge, however, there is a paucity of data about the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 viral manifestations in the Roma population.…”