COVID-19 Incidence in Pakistan: Gender Disparity

Waris, Abdul; Ali, Muhammad; Khan, Atta Ullah; Ali, Asmat; Bangash, Arshad Khan; Baset, Abdul

doi:10.5812/ijpbs.105990

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…It should be noted that individual sports athletes underwent a signi cantly higher number of tests than individual sports athletes and that women presented a signi cantly higher number of infections than men. These results are not in line with different studies, which have shown that the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 is higher in males than in females worldwide even though these levels may be in uenced by social reasons depending on each country, culture and the speci c context in which people nd themselves [19].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

“…This virus was named as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. On March 11, 2020 the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) was described as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) [2]. This pandemic is now a major global health issue, representing the most serious respiratory virus since the 1918 H1N1 in uenza pandemic [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Behavior, Perception of Threat, Stress and Training Patterns of Olympic and Paralympic Athletes

Martínez-Patiño

Lopez

Dubois³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Objective Analyze the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and its subsequent confinement on Olympic and Paralympic level athletes’ behaviors, perception of threat, stress, state of mind and training patterns.Methods All variables were modulated by gender, academic training, and sport discipline on a population composed of 447 Olympic (25.97 ± 7.46 years) and 64 Paralympic athletes (28.44 ± 10.50 years).Results Most of the athletes recognize that their best athletic performance diminished due to the COVID-19 confinement but that will recover after the pandemic and its confinements. Almost half of the athletes declared they were more tired than normal and had difficulty sleeping, while more than half eat more or less as usual. Paralympic athletes report they felt more capable to cope with personal problems and feeling more frequently that life events where going well and less lonely during the confinement than the Olympians. The athletes from team sports disrupted their training routine more significantly than athletes of individual sports, seeing their athletic performance more affected. Athletes in individual sports felt more capable to cope with personal problems than athletes in team sports. Female athletes were significantly more tired and reported more difficulty sleeping than male.Conclusions The situation caused by COVID-19 has had significant effects on the behavior, perception of threat, stress and training patterns of Olympic and Paralympic athletes facing the 2020 Tokyo Olympiad. It is necessary that sports institutions to reinforce mechanisms of help to athletes during future situations of confinement.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Behavior, Perception of Threat, Stress and Training Patterns of Olympic and Paralympic Athletes

Martínez-Patiño

Lopez

Dubois³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Similar to many countries in the world, Pakistani citizens at large have been negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and government interventions to manage the spread of the virus ( Khan et al, 2021 ). Despite the fact that the female COVID-19 infection rate is just over half of the infection rate of males in Pakistan ( Waris et al, 2020a ), studies both in Pakistan ( Khan et al, 2021 ), and other Asian countries ( Othman, 2020 ; Qiu et al, 2020 ), as well as in the middle east ( Abufaraj et al, 2021 ) reported that women demonstrated worse mental health in response to the pandemic than men. The present study aimed to understand this apparent contradiction by identifying concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic, sex differences in these concerns, and associations of these concerns with mental well-being across a broad spectrum of people in Pakistan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of COVID-19 on Distress Tolerance in Pakistani Men and Women

Shahzad

Kliewer²,

Bano³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that spread across the world, bringing with it serious mental health problems for men and women. Women in Pakistan are infected with COVID-19 at a much lower rate than men, yet report worse mental health. To explain this paradox, we surveyed 190 participants (46% male) shortly following the country lockdown, focusing on perceptions of the COVID-19 impact and positive adjustment. Measures used in this study included the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale and Distress Tolerance Scale. Factor analysis revealed five distinct areas related to COVID-19, which did not differ by sex. However, men reported higher levels of both distress tolerance and well-being than women. High endorsement of actions to protect against COVID-19 was related to lower distress tolerance scores, but in different ways for men and women. Men, but not women, who endorsed more protective measures to stop the pandemic reported higher DTS absorption scores, and therefore being more consumed by distress; women who endorsed more protective measures to stop the pandemic reported less acceptance of distress than men, as reflected in DTS appraisal scores. An in-depth analysis of women’s beliefs and behaviors related to COVID-19 is warranted to understand why Pakistani women who are infected with COVID-19 at lower rates than men show more mental health symptoms.

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“…As Pakistan has close trade and travelling relation with the two neighboring countries China and Iran and it has a large border sharing with the two countries, Pakistan was in a great danger of facing the extreme versions of the pandemic. When the virus reached Iran with severe effects a lot of Pakistani travelers returned back to Pakistan from there creating an alarming situation at the borders of Pakistan (Waris et al, 2020). The situation demanded a complete lockdown but considering the conditions of a great number of powerless families Pakistan soon has to ease the lockdown but still the situation has caused a lot of money loss to a large number of unprivileged poor families in Pakistan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Perceived Threat of Pandemic Upon the Employee Retention in The Public and Private Hospitals

2021

cibg

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The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of perceived threat of COVID-19 upon the retention of doctors of twin cities'' hospitals of Pakistan. Two moderator's compensation and training and development were assessed as moderating the relationship between perceived threat of COVID-19 and employee retention. The model is tested on healthcare sector of Pakistan and the data was collected by the doctors of twin cities of Pakistan. A sample of 208 doctors was collected using random sampling technique. Sem-PLS software was used to analyze the statistics. Perceived Threat of COVID-19 have a positive significant impact on employee's retention whereas compensation is negatively and significantly moderating the relationship between perceived threat of COVID-19 and employee retention. Training and development are insignificantly moderating the relationship between perceived threat of COVID-19 and employee retention. Doctors were found to be not intended to leave their hospitals in threat of COVID-19. Compensation was found to moderate the relation between the both variables, such that weakening the relationship. Training and development were found to be ineffective as a moderator in the relation of perceived threat of COVID-19 and employee retention.

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COVID-19 Incidence in Pakistan: Gender Disparity

Cited by 8 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Behavior, Perception of Threat, Stress and Training Patterns of Olympic and Paralympic Athletes

Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Behavior, Perception of Threat, Stress and Training Patterns of Olympic and Paralympic Athletes

The Impact of COVID-19 on Distress Tolerance in Pakistani Men and Women

The Impact of Perceived Threat of Pandemic Upon the Employee Retention in The Public and Private Hospitals

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