COVID-19 in the least developed, fragile, and conflict-affected countries — How can the most vulnerable be protected?

Ebrahim, Shahul H.; Gozzer, Ernesto; Ahmed, Yusuf; Imtiaz, Rubina; Ditekemena, John; Rahman, N M Mujeeb; Schlagenhauf, Patricia; Alqahtani, Saleh A.; Memish, Ziad A.

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.055

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Such parameters, health system, and socioeconomic vulnerability affect the risk level of countries. It is usual for COVID‐19 to spread brutally in the least developed and most vulnerable countries (countries with the highest risk) 10 . In this regard, evaluating and determining the COVID‐19 risk level of countries can be crucial as it is an informative indicator for most issues, including the number of COVID‐19 cases and mortality rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new exponential estimators for analysis of COVID‐19 risk

Zaman

Sağır

Şahin

2021

Concurrency and Computation

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Coronavirus disease 2019 is the most crucial issue of all countries worldwide as it poses a threat and risk to people in many aspects such as health and economy.Since each country's development level, economy, and infrastructure differ, countries' struggle against COVID-19 varies. Therefore, understanding the COVID-19 risk levels of countries can be crucial in determining possible strategies to take specific measures for those at the highest risk. Also, determining the risk level of countries can be more critical than estimates, such as the number of cases and deaths, as the level of risk alone can be an informative indicator for all such issues. Unlike most studies, this study concentrates on evaluating and estimating the COVID-19 risk level of countries. This study proposes two families of multivariate exponential estimators using two auxiliary attributes. Theoretically, the mean square error (MSE) equations of all proposed exponential estimators are obtained and compared with existing estimators. Some exceptional cases of the multivariate exponential estimators are regarded and compared with MSE values of proposed multivariate exponential estimators. As a result, the multivariate exponential estimators provide more efficient results than all other estimators. These theoretical findings are supported by a numerical illustration using real dataset. K E Y W O R D SCOVID-19 risk, exponential estimator, mean square error, risk assessment, two auxiliary attributes INTRODUCTIONThe World Health Organization (WHO) declared on March 11, 2020, that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could be considered a pandemic. 1Since then, COVID-19 has caused a global crisis affecting people's health, well-being and lifestyle, and the world economy. As of January 16, 2021, there have been 92,506,811 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 2,001,773 reported deaths globally. 2 However, the number of cases and deaths varies from country to country. The main reason for this may be that each country differs in population density, cultural habits, health services, protective measures, and infrastructure. 3Management and control of COVID-19 depend primarily on the health system of a country. 4 A robust health system plays a determining role in countries' preparedness and responses to pandemics. 5 In addition, socioeconomic factors are crucial in the spread of COVID-19. [6][7][8][9] Such parameters, health system, and socioeconomic vulnerability affect the risk level of countries. It is usual for COVID-19 to spread brutally in the least developed and most vulnerable countries (countries with the highest risk). 10 In this regard, evaluating and determining the COVID-19 risk level of countries can be crucial as it is an informative indicator for most issues, including the number of COVID-19 cases and mortality rates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new exponential estimators for analysis of COVID‐19 risk

Zaman

Sağır

Şahin

2021

Concurrency and Computation

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“…Today, of the 68.5 million forcefully displaced people globally, 40 million are internally displaced and 25 million are refugees (Ebrahim et al, 2021). Meanwhile, according to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 4.2 million people across 76 countries are known to be stateless (Burki, 2021).…”

Section: The Politics Of Health and The Death Of The Precariatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human Rights Watch called upon the Malaysian federal and state governments to "ensure that COVID-19 related health care services are available without discrimination to all migrants, stateless people, and refugees" (Human Rights Watch, 2020). Many of the countries in which refugees live are themselves facing economic challenges, with governments unable to achieve adequate support for their citizens (Ebrahim et al, 2021). Saving the lives of refugees is often not a priority under these circumstances; their lives are thus treated as though they do not matter.…”

Section: The Politics Of Health and The Death Of The Precariatmentioning

confidence: 99%

In sickness and in health: The politics of public health and their implications during the COVID‐19 pandemic

Daher‐Nashif

2021

Sociology Compass

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Politics is a major player in health, sickness, and death affairs. This article reviews the role of politics in public health and its impact on health outcomes, mortality ratios, and death scenarios amongst the most vulnerable populations. Furthermore, the article explains the reasons behind the absence of politics from health and public health discourses; and examines the role of politics during the mis/management of COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on Foucault's biopower, Mebmbe's necropolitics, and Butler's precarity, the article illuminates how public health policies are highly political insofar as they offer some individuals access to life but create possibilities of death for others. During COVID-19, politics enabled governors to put at risk the most vulnerable groups, the precariat, namely refugees, asylum seekers, stateless, and immigrants, the majority of whom were impoverished. The article presents COVID-19 as an example of a crisis that unmasks these politics, claiming that these politics are not new but rather a continuum of previous invisible policies that COVID-19 unmasked and intensified. The article describes how the politics of health entail privileging individuals with capital value who can benefit the state's interests and maintains its power.

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“…While all countries were expected to be impacted, WHO and the international community recognized that countries with pre-existing fragile settings, conflict, or humanitarian crises would be disproportionately affected. Populations in these settings have high disease comorbidity burden, crowded housing, limited access to health or socio-economic protection services, and have a low capacity to implement public health and social measures ( 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serving the Vulnerable: The World Health Organization's Scaled Support to Countries During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Bajard

Stephens

Eidman

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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The Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), created by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1991, serves as the global humanitarian coordination forum of the UN s system. The IASC brings 18 agencies together, including the World Health Organization (WHO), for humanitarian preparedness and response policies and action. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, the IASC recognized the importance of providing intensified support to countries with conflict, humanitarian, or complex emergencies due to their weak health systems and fragile contexts. A Global Humanitarian Response Plan (GHRP) was rapidly developed in March 2020, which reflected the international support needed for 63 target countries deemed to have humanitarian vulnerability. This paper assessed whether WHO provided intensified technical, financial, and commodity inputs to GHRP countries (n = 63) compared to non-GHRP countries (n = 131) in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis showed that WHO supported all 194 countries regardless of humanitarian vulnerability. Health commodities were supplied to most countries globally (86%), and WHO implemented most (67%) of the $1.268 billion spent in 2020 at country level. However, proportionally more GHRP countries received health commodities and nearly four times as much was spent in GHRP countries per capita compared to non-GHRP countries ($232 vs. $60 per 1,000 capita). In countries with WHO country offices (n = 149), proportionally more GHRP countries received WHO support for developing national response plans and monitoring frameworks, training of technical staff, facilitating logistics, publication of situation updates, and participation in research activities prior to the characterization of the pandemic or first in-country COVID-19 case. This affirms WHO's capacity to scale country support according to its humanitarian mandate. Further work is needed to assess the impact of WHO's inputs on health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, which will strengthen WHO's scaled support to countries during future health emergencies.

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COVID-19 in the least developed, fragile, and conflict-affected countries — How can the most vulnerable be protected?

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

A new exponential estimators for analysis of COVID‐19 risk

A new exponential estimators for analysis of COVID‐19 risk

In sickness and in health: The politics of public health and their implications during the COVID‐19 pandemic

Serving the Vulnerable: The World Health Organization's Scaled Support to Countries During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic

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