COVID-19 hospitalizations in five California hospitals: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract

Background The novel coronavirus pandemic has had a differential impact on communities of color across the US. The University of California hospital system serves a large population of people who are often underrepresented elsewhere. Data from hospital stays can provide much-needed localized information on risk factors for severe cases and/or death. Methods Patient-level retrospective case series of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospital admissions at five UC hospitals (N = 4730). Odds ratios of ICU admission, death, and a composite of both outcomes were calculated with univariate and multivariate logistic regression based on patient characteristics, including sex, race/ethnicity, and select comorbidities. Associations between comorbidities were quantified and visualized with a correlation network. Results Overall mortality rate was 7.0% (329/4,730). ICU mortality rate was 18.8% (225/1,194). The rate of the composite outcome (ICU admission and/or death) was 27.4% (1298/4730). Comorbidity-controlled odds of a composite outcome were increased for age 75–84 (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.11–1.93) and 85–59 (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.04–1.87) compared to 18–34 year-olds, males (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.21–1.59) vs. females, and patients identifying as Hispanic/Latino (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.14–1.61) or Asian (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.23–1.82) compared to White. Patients with 5 or more comorbidities were exceedingly likely to experience a composite outcome (OR 2.74, 95% CI 2.32–3.25). Conclusions Males, older patients, those with multiple pre-existing comorbidities, and those identifying as Hispanic/Latino or Asian experienced an increased risk of ICU admission and/or death. These results are consistent with reported risks among the Hispanic/Latino population elsewhere in the United States, and confirm multiple concerns about heightened risk among the Asian population in California.

Predictors of COVID-19 severity and hospitalization: A survey-based study from Jordan

“…The odds ratio for hospitalization is greater than 9 for the >60 years age group compared to the 18–30 years age group. This finding is consistent with several studies in other countries such as China and the USA [ 5 , 9 , 14 , 15 ]. Having multiple comorbidities was also an independent predictor of severe outcomes, which is in line with most previous studies [ 8 , 15 ].…”

“…This finding is consistent with several studies in other countries such as China and the USA [ 5 , 9 , 14 , 15 ]. Having multiple comorbidities was also an independent predictor of severe outcomes, which is in line with most previous studies [ 8 , 15 ]. In a study from Saudi Arabia, diabetes mellitus was a strong predictor of COVID-19 hospitalization [ 16 ].…”

Testing and vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in nursing homes: an agent-based approach

“…The average number of days from the onset of symptoms to hospitalization is 4 days and a person stays in the hospital for an average of 6 days [ 30 ]. Mortality rate was set at 11.8% [ 31 ] for hospitalized agents. The average recovery time for asymptomatic agents or those who never required hospitalization is 15 days [ 27 ], during which they remain infectious.…”

Do Corticosteroids Reduce Mortality or Progression to Severe Disease for Non-Oxygen Requiring Patients Infected With COVID-19?

“…In addition, the pooled mortality in this review was 13.7%, which is higher than the 1.2% to 7.0% overall COVID-19 mortality found in other studies. 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 Therefore, illness severity may have confounded the results. Nevertheless, the a priori choice of mortality as an end point in these less critically ill patients with COVID-19 infections is less logical than in sicker cohorts.…”