COVID-19: From Grief and Mourning to Prolonged Grief Disorder

Abstract

N/a.

Worden’s Task-Based Model for Treating Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder During the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review

“…The sixth mediator involves social variables [25]. Since mourning is a social phenomenon, the degree of perceived emotional and social support from family or others has a significant role in the mourning process, which has been highly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic [19]. Fear of contagion, stigma, and subsequent lack of social support are some of the challenges faced by therapists during the COVID-19 pandemic [12].…”

“…The last mediator is the concurrent losses and stresses [25]. It includes issues such as complicated economic problems (as a result of business restrictions during quarantine or loss of family head due to COVID-19), substance use, and inability to follow usual cultural practices of death and mourning [12], [13], [19]. Furthermore, these mediators have been classified into three main categories, namely, loss-related factors (mediators 1, 2, and 3), pre-loss risk factors (mediators 4 and 5), and periloss factors (mediator 7) [39].…”

“…These survivors, assuming that the bigger society is not willing to know about their feelings, often doubt whether to express them [16], [18]. Furthermore, the spread of COVID-19 and the enforcement of social isolation programs, such as physical distancing, quarantine, selfisolation, and limiting or banning the physical presence of visitors in hospitals, have affected the possibility of PCBD occurrence [12], [13], [19]. Although all of the survivors are not at risk of PCBD, it is incumbent on the therapist to specify how the current pandemic could cause PCBD after the death of a significant person [12].…”

Adaptation of PG-13 on Indonesian Adolescents

“…. Ongoing debates also include the definition of a 'close one', as some studies found that in some countries and circumstances may result in PGD (Farinha-Silva & Reis-Pina, 2020;Kokou-Kpolou et al, 2020;Tang & Xiang, 2021). While in other studies found that is not the case in other countries.…”

“…Abnormal duration is defined based on social and cultural norms, but a minimum of 6 months post loss is used as a rule of thumb and is still an ongoing debate among mental health professionals (Bryant et al, 2021; Kaplow et al, 2018; Killikelly & Maercker, 2017; Prigerson et al, 2009; 2021; Stelzer et al, 2020). Ongoing debates also include the definition of a ‘close one’, as some studies found that in some countries and circumstances may result in PGD (Farinha-Silva & Reis-Pina, 2020; Kokou-Kpolou et al, 2020; Tang & Xiang, 2021). While in other studies found that is not the case in other countries.…”