COVID-19 detection by dogs: from physiology to field application—a review article

Sakr, Rania; Ghsoub, Cedra; Rbeiz, Celine; Lattouf, Vanessa; Riachy, Rachelle; Haddad, Chadia; Zoghbi, Marouan

doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139410

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Due to the dog's extraordinary sense of smell, it is most commonly used at airports, especially in the detection of explosives or illegal drugs (Cambau and Poljak, 2020;Else, 2020). Dogs have also been employed in the detection of VOCs associated with human diseases other than COVID-19, such as cancer, diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia and infections such as CDI, viral diarrhea, and UTI (Sakr et al, 2021). For COVID-19, although the amount of data published so far is limited, additional trials are currently underway in…”

Section: Analysis Of Volatile Organic Compounds (Vocs) In the Exhaled Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of COVID-19

2021

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic triggered an unprecedented global effort in developing rapid and inexpensive diagnostic and prognostic tools. Since the genome of SARS-CoV-2 was uncovered, detection of viral RNA by RT-qPCR has played the most significant role in preventing the spread of the virus through early detection and tracing of suspected COVID-19 cases and through screening of at-risk population. However, a large number of alternative test methods based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA or proteins or host factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection have been developed and evaluated. The application of metabolomics in infectious disease diagnostics is an evolving area of science that was boosted by the urgency of COVID-19 pandemic. Metabolomics approaches that rely on the analysis of volatile organic compounds exhaled by COVID-19 patients hold promise for applications in a large-scale screening of population in point-of-care (POC) setting. On the other hand, successful application of mass-spectrometry to detect specific spectral signatures associated with COVID-19 in nasopharyngeal swab specimens may significantly save the cost and turnaround time of COVID-19 testing in the diagnostic microbiology and virology laboratories. Active research is also ongoing on the discovery of potential metabolomics-based prognostic markers for the disease that can be applied to serum or plasma specimens. Several metabolic pathways related to amino acid, lipid and energy metabolism were found to be affected by severe disease with COVID-19. In particular, tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway were persistently dysregulated in several independent studies, suggesting the roles of several metabolites of this pathway such as tryptophan, kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine as potential prognostic markers of the disease. However, standardization of the test methods and large-scale clinical validation are necessary before these tests can be applied in a clinical setting. With rapidly expanding data on the metabolic profiles of COVID-19 patients with varying degrees of severity, it is likely that metabolomics will play an important role in near future in predicting the outcome of the disease with a greater degree of certainty.

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Section: Analysis Of Volatile Organic Compounds (Vocs) In the Exhaled Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of COVID-19

2021

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“…For years, the dog was the most widely employed scent-detector tool for civilian and military purposes. Recently, many studies highlighted the role of canine olfactory ability in the medical field, specifically in detecting different infectious, metabolic and neoplastic conditions including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Sakr et al 2021 ). Trained biodetection dogs are already being used for detecting illicit substances and for forensic purposes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria amongst dogs in Africa: A meta-analysis review

Yaovi

Sessou

Tonouhewa

et al. 2022

Onderstepoort j. vet. res.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat for both human and veterinary medicine. Increasing evidence suggests that animals are important sources of AMR to humans; however, most of these studies focus on production animals. In order to determine the pattern of AMR in pets, mainly in dogs in Africa, a meta-analysis was performed with AMR studies conducted in African countries and published between January 2000 and January 2021 in four databases: Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Cab abstract and Google Scholar. Seven bacterial strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (SNC) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius were included in this study. A total of 18 out of 234 indexed articles met the study criteria. The results revealed that multiple bacteria were resistant to various commonly used antibiotics including enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Concerning multidrug resistance, E. coli strains came first with the highest prevalence of 98%, followed by P. aeroginosa (92%) and Salmonella spp. (53%). In contrast, the overall prevalence of multidrug resistance was low for S. aureus (18%) and S. pseudintermedius (25%). It is therefore urgent to find, as soon as possible, alternatives to replace these antibiotics, which have become ineffective in controlling these bacteria in dogs in Africa. Moreover, further metagenomic studies are needed to describe the full resistome and mobilome in dogs regardless of the bacteria.

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“…This contamination presents a secondary infection risk to individuals that interact with these surfaces. With respect to the current pandemic, for example, it has been shown that infectious SARS-CoV-2 virions can be recovered hours to days following drying on various objects [ 8 , 9 ]. While fomite-based transmission has proven to be a less significant risk than person-to-person transmission for the existing strains of SARS-CoV-2 [ 10 ], it must still be considered, both to maximize safety under current conditions and to prepare for any future changes in viral transmissibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routine Decontamination of Surfaces Relevant to Working Dogs: Neutralization of Superficial Coronavirus Contamination

Grady

Sebeck

Theodore

et al. 2022

Animals

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Given the increased deployment of working dogs to settings with pathogenic biological agents, a safe, effective, and logistically feasible surface decontamination protocol is essential to protect both the animals and their human handlers. Our group previously found that superficial contamination on surfaces relevant to the working dog community, including leashes and toys, could be significantly reduced using a standardized wiping protocol with various cleansing products. To expand upon this work, we analyzed the ability of this protocol to decontaminate surface-deposited bovine coronavirus, which was used as a BSL2 surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Unsurprisingly, the physical characteristics of a given surface, including porosity and texture, had a significant effect on the ability to recover viable virus remaining on the surface post treatment. After correcting for these differences, however, wiping with 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and 0.5% chlorhexidine performed best, reducing viral titers by >3 log on plastic bumper toys and nylon collars, and by >2 log on rubber toys and tennis balls. Leather leashes and Velcro proved more difficult to decontaminate, but both still showed significant loss of viral contamination following wiping with IPA or chlorhexidine. This work (i) validates the utility of a simple protocol for the neutralization of viruses on several surfaces, (ii) identifies materials that are more difficult to decontaminate, which should, thus, be considered for removal from field use, and (iii) highlights the need for further development of protocols testing porous or textured surfaces.

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COVID-19 detection by dogs: from physiology to field application—a review article

Cited by 20 publications

References 38 publications

Metabolomics in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of COVID-19

Metabolomics in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of COVID-19

Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria amongst dogs in Africa: A meta-analysis review

Routine Decontamination of Surfaces Relevant to Working Dogs: Neutralization of Superficial Coronavirus Contamination

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