COVID-19: Coronavirus replication, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies

Bergmann, Cornelia C.; Silverman, Robert H.

doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.20047

Cited by 53 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…The rest part contains the four accessory and structural proteins, i.e., N (nucleocapsid protein), M (membrane protein), S (spike protein), and E (envelope protein) [ 22 ]. Figure 3 (A) [ 23 ] represents a schematic diagram of the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and Figure 3 (B) [ 24 ] shows the TEM images of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. All four proteins are not only involved in virus structure, but they also play a crucial role during the replication cycle [ 25 ].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2: Physical Characteristics Structure and Genomicmentioning

confidence: 99%

The perspectives of biomarker-based electrochemical immunosensors, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Medical Things toward COVID-19 diagnosis and management

Yadav

Verma

Kumar

et al. 2021

Materials Today Chemistry

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The WHO has declared the COVID-19 an international health emergency due to the severity of infection progression which become more severe due to its continuous spread globally and the unavailability of appropriate therapy and diagnostics systems. Thus, there is a need for efficient devices to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection at an early stage. Nowadays, the RT-PCR technique is being applied for detecting this virus around the globe; however, factors such as stringent expertise, long diagnostic times, invasive and painful screening, and high costs have restricted the use of RT-PCR methods for rapid diagnostics. Therefore, the development of cost-effective, portable, sensitive, prompt, and selective sensing systems to detect SARS-CoV-2 in biofluids at fM/pM/nM concentrations would be a breakthrough in diagnostics. Immunosensors that show increased specificity and sensitivity are considerably fast, and don’t imply costly reagents or instruments, reducing the cost for COVID-19 detection. The current developments in immunosensors perhaps signify the most significant opportunity for a rapid assay to detect COVID-19, without the need of highly skilled professionals and specialized tools to interpret results. Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) can also be equipped with this immunosensing approach to investigate useful networking through database management, sharing, and analytics to prevent and manage COVID-19. Herein, we represent the collective concepts of biomarkers based immunosensors along with AI and IoMT as smart sensing strategies with bioinformatics approach to monitor non-invasive early stage SARS-CoV-2 development, with fast POC diagnostics as the crucial goal. This approach should be implemented quickly and verified practicality for clinical samples before being set in the present times for mass-diagnostic research.

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Section: Sars-cov-2: Physical Characteristics Structure and Genomicmentioning

confidence: 99%

The perspectives of biomarker-based electrochemical immunosensors, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Medical Things toward COVID-19 diagnosis and management

Yadav

Verma

Kumar

et al. 2021

Materials Today Chemistry

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“…These viral mRNA transcripts are then trafficked to, and translated by, the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The newly produced viral proteins, as well as the genomic RNA, are then packaged by the Golgi apparatus and exocytosed as a fully functional viral particle [ 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Biochemical Considerations Of Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial Cell Contributions to COVID-19

et al. 2020

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Understanding of the clinical, histological and molecular features of the novel coronavirus 2019 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) has remained elusive. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by this virus has unusual clinical presentation with regard to other related coronaviruses. Recent reports suggest that SARS-CoV-2, unlike other related viruses, infects and replicates within endothelial cells, which may explain a significant portion of the observed clinical pathology. Likewise, mounting evidence associates vascular and endothelial cell dysfunction with increased mortality. This review focuses on understanding how endothelial cell pathology is caused by SARS-CoV-2 at the molecular and cellular levels and how these events relate to COVID-19. A detailed examination of current knowledge regarding canonical inflammatory reaction pathways as well as alteration of endothelial cell-derived exosomes and transdifferentiation by SARS-CoV-2 is included in this assessment. Additionally, given an understanding of endothelial contributions to COVID-19, potential therapeutic aims are discussed, particularly as would affect endothelial function and pathology.

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“…The evidence revealed that the cellular protease, like TMPRSS2 (see glossary) plays an essential role during the entry and circulation of SARS-CoV-2. However, the antiviral or vaccine could be a potential therapeutics against COVID-19 by blocking the regulation of TMPRSS2 enzyme [ 41 ]. However, the entry of the virus is cell type and protease specific dependent.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Replication Of Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transcription in (−) RNAs further leads to the synthesis of accessory and structural proteins (green lines). Finally, the genomic RNA and structural proteins are assembled into a viral nucleocapsid by ER (blue) and move to Golgi intermediate compartment (brown) for envelope formation and released outside the cell by exocytosis [ 41 , 112 , 113 ]. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)…”

Section: Mechanism Of Replication Of Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights on possible vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2

et al. 2020

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In December 2019, a novel virus, namely COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, developed from Wuhan, (Hubei territory of China) used its viral spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD) for the entrance into a host cell by binding with ACE-2 receptor and cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Data revealed that the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 affected more than 24,854,140 people with 838,924 deaths worldwide. Until now, no licensed immunization or drugs are present for the medication of SARS-CoV-2. The present review aims to investigate the latest developments and discuss the candidate antibodies in different vaccine categories to develop a reliable and efficient vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in a short time duration. Besides, the review focus on the present challenges and future directions, structure, and mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 for a better understanding. Based on data, we revealed that most of the vaccines are focus on targeting the spike protein (S) of COVID-19 to neutralized viral infection and develop long-lasting immunity. Up to phase-1 clinical trials, some vaccines showed the specific antigen-receptor T-cell response, elicit the humoral and immune response, displayed tight binding with human-leukocytes-antigen (HLA), and recognized specific antibodies to provoke long-lasting immunity against SARS-CoV-2.

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COVID-19: Coronavirus replication, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies

Cited by 53 publications

References 48 publications

The perspectives of biomarker-based electrochemical immunosensors, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Medical Things toward COVID-19 diagnosis and management

The perspectives of biomarker-based electrochemical immunosensors, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Medical Things toward COVID-19 diagnosis and management

Endothelial Cell Contributions to COVID-19

New insights on possible vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2

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