COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS): Current knowledge on pathophysiology and ICU treatment – A narrative review

Prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes of Guillain−Barré syndrome spectrum associated with COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Previous systematic reviews of GBSs cases in the context of COVID‐19, however, have shown that COVID‐19 manifestations consistently precede GBSs symptoms (median interval 14 days, interquartile range 7–20) [1] and support further the hypothesis of a post‐infectious GBSs aetiology [11]. Notably, the 2‐week interval between SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and GBSs also coincides with the second phase of COVID‐19, when the cytokine storm, the respiratory failure and the multiorgan dysfunction typically peak [40]. During this phase, in critically ill COVID‐19 patients, GBSs may masquerade as critical illness polyneuropathy, and should always be considered when difficulty in weaning from mechanical ventilation is noted.…”

A Machine-Generated View of the Role of Blood Glucose Levels in the Severity of COVID-19

“…A puzzling aspect of COVID-19 is why the disease becomes so severe with age and preconditions, and in some apparently healthy or young patients. Most of these critical cases seem to be associated with a "cytokine storm" in the lungs (33,34), an exaggerated immune response that produces high levels of cytokines that damages the airway epithelium, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring ventilation or intensive care with intubation, which is fatal in 20-50% of cases (24,(35)(36)(37)(38). Survivors of the cases that require invasive ventilation also need long-term rehabilitation (39).…”

Non-Invasive Ventilation in COVID-19 Related Respiratory Failure

“…28 Although some literature mention the benefits of preventing intubation and mechanical ventilation in some critically ill patients with respiratory distress 31 , the use of HFNO should be closely monitored because delayed intubation is associated with worse outcomes and it was said that early intubation may prevent the transition from L to H type. 4 CPAP and NIV are also the main options for patients with respiratory distress to improve blood oxygenation. 13 The use of high PEEP, in some patients, can reduce pressure swings in the pleura and stop the vicious cycle of exacerbated lung injury.…”

“…2,3 Various theories have emerged about the underlying mechanism and are considered 'atypical,' with pretty different characteristics from ARDS in general. 2,4 The management of respiratory failure is a challenge for clinicians who work both inside and outside critical care due to its heterogeneous symptoms and high mortality. 5 *Corresponding author: irmi_s@yahoo.com Initially, this condition requires mechanical ventilation where early intubation and invasive ventilation were considered more effective than noninvasive ventilation (NIV).…”