COVID-19 and tuberculosis co-infection: a neglected paradigm

Bandyopadhyay, Arkapal; Palepu, Sarika; Bandyopadhyay, Krishna; Handu, Shailendra

doi:10.4081/monaldi.2020.1437

Cited by 29 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…There was also a concern though, aside from these comments, that these co-infections, even if co-incidental, may nevertheless be an issue in countries with high TB (and post-TB sequelae) burdens and that both infections could have a significant, synergistic social and economic impact worldwide [ 74 ]. A further concern with regard to TB is the potential impact that the COVID pandemic may have on national programs for eradication of diseases such as TB, with recognition of the important need to continue and even strengthen these national programs and encourage people to continue to access healthcare for timely diagnosis and treatment of TB, as required [ 76 , 77 ].…”

Section: Clinical Data On Co-infections With Covidmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of co-infections and secondary infections in patients with COVID-19

2021

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Background It has been recognised for a considerable time-period, that viral respiratory infections predispose patients to bacterial infections, and that these co-infections have a worse outcome than either infection on its own. However, it is still unclear what exact roles co-infections and/or superinfections play in patients with COVID-19 infection. Main body This was an extensive review of the current literature regarding co-infections and superinfections in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The definitions used were those of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), which defines coinfection as one occurring concurrently with the initial infection, while superinfections are those infections that follow on a previous infection, especially when caused by microorganisms that are resistant, or have become resistant, to the antibiotics used earlier. Some researchers have envisioned three potential scenarios of bacterial/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection; namely, secondary SARS-CoV-2 infection following bacterial infection or colonisation, combined viral/bacterial pneumonia, or secondary bacterial superinfection following SARS-CoV-2. There are a myriad of published articles ranging from letters to the editor to systematic reviews and meta-analyses describing varying ranges of co-infection and/or superinfection in patients with COVID-19. The concomitant infections described included other respiratory viruses, bacteria, including mycobacteria, fungi, as well as other, more unusual, pathogens. However, as will be seen in this review, there is often not a clear distinction made in the literature as to what the authors are referring to, whether true concomitant/co-infections or superinfections. In addition, possible mechanisms of the interactions between viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, and other infections, particularly bacterial infections are discussed further. Lastly, the impact of these co-infections and superinfections in the severity of COVID-19 infections and their outcome is also described. Conclusion The current review describes varying rates of co-infections and/or superinfections in patients with COVID-19 infections, although often a clear distinction between the two is not clear in the literature. When they occur, these infections appear to be associated with both severity of COVID-19 as well as poorer outcomes.

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Section: Clinical Data On Co-infections With Covidmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of co-infections and secondary infections in patients with COVID-19

2021

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“…Among the respiratory pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis , viruses and bacteria have been the most commonly reported coinfection agents in COVID-19 patients, similar to those seen in the previous influenza pandemic [ 10 , 12 , 16 , 17 ]. Viruses reported commonly in coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 included respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, rhinovirus/enterovirus, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus, and non-SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, and the coinfecting bacteria included Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Legionella pneumophila , Chlamydia pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Haemophilus influenzae , and Streptococcus pneumoniae [ 10 – 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coinfections with Respiratory Pathogens among COVID-19 Patients in Korea

Roh¹,

Kim

et al. 2021

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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The detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in upper and lower respiratory specimens and coinfection with other respiratory pathogens in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was investigated. Study subjects (N = 342) were retrospectively enrolled after being confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 positive, and their nasopharyngeal swab (NPS), oropharyngeal swab (OPS), and sputum specimens were restored for SARS-CoV-2 retesting and respiratory pathogen detection. The majority of the subjects (96.5%, N = 330) were confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 positive using NPS/OPS specimens. Among the COVID-19 patients (N = 342), 7.9% (N = 27) and 0.9% (N = 3) were coinfected with respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, respectively, yielding an 8.8% (N = 30) overall respiratory pathogen coinfection rate. Of the respiratory virus coinfection cases (N = 27), 92.6% (N = 25) were coinfected with a single respiratory virus and 7.4% (N = 2) with two viruses (metapneumovirus/adenovirus and rhinovirus/bocavirus). No triple coinfections of other respiratory viruses or bacteria with SARS-CoV-2 were detected. Respiratory viruses coinfected in the patients with COVID-19 were as follows: rhinovirus (N = 7, 2.1%), respiratory syncytial virus A and B (N = 6, 1.8%), non-SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses (229E, NL63, and OC43, N = 5, 1.5%), metapneumovirus (N = 4, 1.2%), influenza A (N = 3, 0.9%), adenovirus (N = 3, 0.9%), and bocavirus (N = 1, 0.3%). In conclusion, the diagnostic value of utilizing NPS/OPS specimens is excellent, and, as the first report in Korea, coinfection with respiratory pathogens was detected at a rate of 8.8% in patients with COVID-19.

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“…Among the respiratory pathogens, including tuberculosis, virus and bacteria have been predominantly reported as coinfection agents in COVID-19, as seen in the previous influenza pandemic (10, 12, 16, 17). Common coinfecting viruses with SARS-CoV-2 include respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, rhinovirus/enterovirus, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus, and non-SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, and the coinfecting bacteria included Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae , and Streptococcus pneumoniae (10-13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coinfection with Respiratory Pathogens in COVID-19 in Korea

Roh

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in upper and lower respiratory specimens and coinfection with other respiratory pathogens in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were investigated. From the study subjects (N = 258) retrospectively enrolled when confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 positive, nasopharyngeal (NPS), oropharyngeal swabs (OPS), and sputum specimens were restored for retesting SARS-CoV-2 and detecting respiratory pathogens. Majority of the study subjects (95.7%, N = 247) were confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 positive using NPS/OPS specimens, suggesting that the upper respiratory specimen is most valuable in detecting SARS-CoV-2. Coinfection rates in COVID-19 patients (N = 258) with respiratory pathogens were 9.7% (N = 25); 8.5% (N = 22) respiratory viruses and 1.2% (N = 3) Mycoplasma pneumoniae, an atypical bacterium. Of the respiratory virus coinfection cases (N = 22), 20 (90.9%) were co-infected with a single respiratory virus and 2 (0.8%) (metapneumovirus/adenovirus and rhinovirus/bocavirus 1/2/3/4) with two viruses. Respiratory viruses in single viral coinfection cases with SARS-CoV-2 were as follows: non-SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses (229E, NL63, and OC43, N = 5, 1.9%), rhinovirus (N = 4, 1.6%), metapneumovirus (N = 3, 1.2%), influenza A (N = 3, 1.2%), respiratory syncytial virus A and B (N = 3, 1.2%), and adenovirus (N = 2, 0.8%). No mixed coinfections with respiratory viruses and M. pneumoniae were found. In conclusion, the diagnostic value of utilizing NPS/OPS specimen is excellent, and, as the first report in Korea, coinfection with respiratory pathogens were detected at a rate of 9.7% in patients with COVID-19.

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COVID-19 and tuberculosis co-infection: a neglected paradigm

Cited by 29 publications

References 10 publications

The role of co-infections and secondary infections in patients with COVID-19

The role of co-infections and secondary infections in patients with COVID-19

Coinfections with Respiratory Pathogens among COVID-19 Patients in Korea

Coinfection with Respiratory Pathogens in COVID-19 in Korea

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