Covid-19 and Tuberculosis Classification Based on Chest X-Ray Using Convolutional Neural Network

Abstract

The high rate of patients with tuberculosis (TB) with the graph showing a continual increase requires the research in any sector as the programs to eradicate tuberculosis. One of the applications is the Decision Support System (DSS) that helps the medical experts particularly doctors in diagnosing TB grade 1+. 2+ , and 3+ rapidly. Another problem is related to the imbalance between the number of patients and the number of medical practitioners in the condition of pandemic Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) today. Hence, DSS is highly required and it can be used for the long-term management of Covid. In this study, the rapid classification of normal lung, tuberculosis lung, and Covid-19 lung based on the Chest X-Ray (CXR) image was proposed as the initial step of DSS implementation. The proposed image processing based CXR classification using Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) obtained the highest accuracy rate of 88.37%. This accuracy was obtained in the second scenario with the 208 CXR datasets. The small number of datasets used was related to the limited number of CXR Covid-19 images with good quality brightness. The proposed system developed is expected to help doctors in diagnose lung disease.

Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) in assistance to COVID‐19 diagnosis: A scoping review on types and evaluation methods

“…ML was the most frequently used method to develop CDSS for COVID‐19 diagnosis. The most common ML methods in the reviewed studies were CNN 34–85 . In line with this result, other review studies also indicated CNN to be the most common method to develop a system for COVID‐19 diagnosis 23,25,27,28,30,100 .…”

“…These studies also recommended the use of CDSS in future research. Finally, 68 articles met all the inclusion criteria 5,17,34–99 . The flowchart of the selection process is shown in Figure 1.…”

“…Types of CDSS to assist in diagnosing COVID‐19 are shown in Figure 4. Most of the studies used ICDSS based on ML (nonknowledge‐based CDSS) ( n = 52 [76.5%]) 34–85 . In these studies, the most common methods for designing CDSS were CNN ( n = 33), 38,40–42,45–47,49–52,54,56–69,71,72,78,82–85 SVM ( n = 8), 35,36,39,43,44,54,56,57 RF ( n = 7), 34,35,37,39,42,44,55 and KNN ( n = 7) 36,37,39,42,43,55,56 (Table 1 and Appendix ).…”

“…Most studies used a combination of performance metrics to evaluate CDSS ( n = 40) (Appendix ). In most of these studies, accuracy ( n = 43), 35–40,42–47,49–69,71,72,76–78,80–83,85 sensitivity (recall) ( n = 35) 35–37,39,41–44,46,47,49–54,56,57,61,63–69,71,72,76,78,81–85 and F1‐score ( n = 26) 34–36,39,41–43,46,47,50,52–54,56,57,60,61,63,64,66,68,69,81,82,84,85 were used (Table 2). Other metrics for evaluating ICDSS based on ML were the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), 52,56,58 receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, 34,36,70 and so on (Appendix ).…”

“…The most frequently used method for this purpose was the ICDSS based on ML (nonknowledge‐based CDSS), followed by ICDSS based on ES (knowledge‐based CDSS). Most studies have indicated that using CDSS have positively impacted the accurate diagnosis of COVID‐19 5,17,34–62,64–84,86–90,92–99 …”