COVID-19 and the Immune System

Pačes, Jan; Střížová, Zuzana; Smrž, Daniel; Černý, Jan

doi:10.33549/physiolres.934492

Cited by 286 publications

(285 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The relationship between COVID-19 infection and cellular and humoral immune systems was studied. COVID 19 infection stimulates the T cell-mediated immune system like other viral infections [13]. As the disease progresses, both CD4 + and CD8 + T cell counts Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Relationship between serum osteopontin levels and the severity of COVID-19 infection

Varım

Demirci

Cengiz

et al. 2020

Wien Klin Wochenschr

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Summary Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute inflammatory respiratory disease. Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycoprotein expressed in various cell types, such as bone, immune, smooth muscle, epithelial and endothelial cells. It also acts as a regulator of immune response. The aim of the present study was to reveal the place of serum osteopontin levels in predicting severity among patients with COVID-19. Methods This study included 84 patients, 43 female and 45 male. Patients were divided into 2 groups, group 1 non-severe group ( n : 48), group 2 severe ( n : 40). Demographic data, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, white blood cell counts, albumin, procalcitonin, C‑reactive protein (CRP) and OPN levels were recorded. The OPN levels and these inflammatory parameters of the two groups were compared. Results There were no significant differences in terms of gender (female/male 25/23 vs. 18/22) and platelet count (178 K/μL vs. 191 K/μL) between the groups ( p > 0.05). Ages (57.7 ± 17.0 years vs. 71.4 ± 12.8 years), procalcitonin (0.07 vs. 0.24 ng/mL), CRP (17 vs 158 mg/l), neutrophil count (3.7 vs 5.64 K/μL), WBC counts (5.38 vs 7.85 K/μL) and number of deaths (0 vs 26) ( p < 0.001). The OPN levels (98.5 vs 13.75 ng/mL, p = 0.002) were found to be statistically higher, in group 2 than group 1. Conclusion The present study showed that OPN can be used to predict the severity in patients with COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Relationship between serum osteopontin levels and the severity of COVID-19 infection

Varım

Demirci

Cengiz

et al. 2020

Wien Klin Wochenschr

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“…The strong association of elevated systemic IL-6 levels with COVID-19 infection [31,32] prompted an examination of IL-6 effects on 16HBE barrier function as well as possible antagonism of that induced leakiness by RA. As shown in Fig 8, 200 ng/ml IL-6 induced a statistically significant, 40% increase in transepithelial leak of 14 C-D-mannitol, 48 hrs after IL-6 exposure.…”

Section: Effect Of Interleukin-6 On 16hbe Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinoic acid improves baseline barrier function and attenuates TNF-α-induced barrier leak in human bronchial epithelial cell culture model, 16HBE 14o-

et al. 2020

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Retinoic acid (RA) has been shown to improve epithelial and endothelial barrier function and development and even suppress damage inflicted by inflammation on these barriers through regulating immune cell activity. This paper thus sought to determine whether RA could improve baseline barrier function and attenuate TNF-α-induced barrier leak in the human bronchial epithelial cell culture model, 16HBE14o- (16HBE). We show for the first time that RA increases baseline barrier function of these cell layers indicated by an 89% increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and 22% decrease in 14C-mannitol flux. A simultaneous, RA-induced 70% increase in claudin-4 attests to RA affecting the tight junctional (TJ) complex itself. RA was also effective in alleviating TNF-α-induced 16HBE barrier leak, attenuating 60% of the TNF-α-induced leak to 14C-mannitol and 80% of the leak to 14C-inulin. Interleukin-6-induced barrier leak was also reduced by RA. Treatment of 16HBE cell layers with TNF-α resulted in dramatic decrease in immunostaining for occludin and claudin-4, as well as a downward “band-shift” in occludin Western immunoblots. The presence of RA partially reversed TNF-α’s effects on these select TJ proteins. Lastly, RA completely abrogated the TNF-α-induced increase in ERK-1,2 phosphorylation without significantly decreasing the TNF-driven increase in total ERK-1,2. This study suggests RA could be effective as a prophylactic agent in minimizing airway barrier leak and as a therapeutic in preventing leak triggered by inflammatory cascades. Given the growing literature suggesting a “cytokine storm” may be related to COVID-19 morbidity, RA may be a useful adjuvant for use with anti-viral therapies.

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“…27 A "cytokine storm" following hyper-activation of the immune system seems to be responsible for this progression. 28 Several cytokines such as IP-10, MCP-1 IL-2, IL-6, IL7, GM-CSF, and TNF alpha have been related not only to the severity of the disease but also with the probability of being admitted to the ICU. 29,30 In particular high TNF alpha and IL-6 levels have been described as biomarkers of worse outcome in particularly fragile cancer patients infected with SARSCoV2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A “cytokine storm” following hyper‐activation of the immune system seems to be responsible for this progression 28 . Several cytokines such as IP‐10, MCP‐1 IL‐2, IL‐6, IL7, GM‐CSF, and TNF alpha have been related not only to the severity of the disease but also with the probability of being admitted to the ICU 29,30 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of immunosuppressive drugs in immune‐mediated inflammatory disease during the coronavirus pandemic

Giuliani

Gualdi

Amerio

2020

Dermatologic Therapy

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The safety of immunosuppressive treatment in patients with Immune‐Mediated Inflammatory Diseases (IMIDs) during the Coronavirus pandemic is questioned and it is utmost important for public health. We searched studies trough MEDLINE/EMBASE database, including patient with IMID, undergoing immunosuppressive treatment with a positive diagnosis for SARS‐CoV 2. We included 11 studies for the descriptive analysis and 10 studies for the pooled analysis, with a total population of 57 and 53 IMID‐affected SARS‐CoV‐positive patients respectively. Overall no death was reported; 16 patients were hospitalized (30.2%) and only 2 cases were admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (3.8%). We found a significant association between the risk of hospitalization and older age (p 0.03), obesity (p 0.02) and presence of multi‐comorbidity (p 0.03) . No significant association was found between the risk of hospitalization and the use of biological or conventional DMARDs (respectively p 0.32 and 0.26), neither when they are used combined (p 0.85) . We found consistent results in the sub‐analysis of Psoriasis: 10 patients were hospitalized (31.3%) and only 1 case was admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (3.1%) Particular attention should be placed for patients with older age, obesity and multi‐comorbidity that are at higher risk of hospitalization. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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COVID-19 and the Immune System

Cited by 286 publications

References 57 publications

Relationship between serum osteopontin levels and the severity of COVID-19 infection

Relationship between serum osteopontin levels and the severity of COVID-19 infection

Retinoic acid improves baseline barrier function and attenuates TNF-α-induced barrier leak in human bronchial epithelial cell culture model, 16HBE 14o-

Effect of immunosuppressive drugs in immune‐mediated inflammatory disease during the coronavirus pandemic

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