COVID-19 and the Correctional Environment: The American Prison as a Focal Point for Public Health

Montoya-Barthelemy, Andre; Lee, Charles D.; Cundiff, Dave R.; Smith, Eric B.

doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.04.001

Cited by 119 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…If the clinical characteristics and testing conditions are met, both the WHO and U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention consider the patient officially recovered from COVID-19. 3 Between April 21 and May 21, 2020, a total of 137 individuals who officially recovered from COVID-19 were enrolled in this study. A total of 6 patients (4 men and 2 women) refused to participate for personal reasons; as a consequence, a sample of 131 patients was considered.…”

Section: Study Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 However, only a few studies, mainly case reports, have addressed the importance of the follow-up of recovered patients. 3,4 To date, the clinical and virologic course of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains to be investigated. In particular, there are no conclusive data showing how long patients with COVID-19 continue to have symptoms and test positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, even after 2 consecutive negative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predictive Factors for a New Positive Nasopharyngeal Swab Among Patients Recovered From COVID-19

Landi

Carfì

Benvenuto

et al. 2021

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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on behalf of Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Team Introduction: As an emerging infectious disease, the clinical and virologic course of COVID-19 requires better investigation. The aim of this study is to identify the potential risk factors associated with persistent positive nasopharyngeal swab real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction tests in a large sample of patients who recovered from COVID-19. Methods: After the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic infection, the Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCSS of Rome established a post-acute care service for patients discharged from the hospital and recovered from COVID-19. Between April 21 and May 21, 2020, a total of 137 individuals who officially recovered from COVID-19 were enrolled in this study. All patients were tested for the SARS-CoV-2 virus with nucleic acid RT-PCR tests. Analysis was conducted in June 2020. Results: Of the 131 patients who repeated the nasopharyngeal swab, 22 patients (16.7%) tested positive again. Some symptoms such as fatigue (51%), dyspnea (44%), and coughing (17%) were still present in a significant percentage of the patients, with no difference between patients with a negative test and those who tested positive. The likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection was significantly higher among participants with persistent sore throat (prevalence ratio=6.50, 95% CI=1.38, 30.6) and symptoms of rhinitis (prevalence ratio=3.72, 95% CI=1.10, 12.5). Conclusions: This study is the first to provide a given rate of patients (16.7%) who test positive on RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid after recovering from COVID-19. These findings suggest that a significant proportion of patients who have recovered from COVID-19 still could be potential carriers of the virus. In particular, if patients continue to have symptoms related to COVID-19, such as sore throat and rhinitis, it is reasonable to be cautious by avoiding close contact, wearing a face mask, and possibly repeating a nasopharyngeal swab.

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Section: Study Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Factors for a New Positive Nasopharyngeal Swab Among Patients Recovered From COVID-19

Landi

Carfì

Benvenuto

et al. 2021

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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“…Populations in jails and prisons that have been conceptualized as deviant present a problem during the COVID-19 pandemic because inmates are unhealthy relative to the general population due to factors such as a lack of health care access, and the absence of sanitary conditions and inability to social distance in these facilities means that COVID-19 can easily spread (Beaudry et al, 2020;Montoya-Barthelemy et al, 2020;Nowotny et al, 2020). As a result, there has been a push to release inmates to reduce the spread of COVID-19.…”

Section: Salient Target Populations and The Subcategorization Of Devimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In states where prisoners are viewed as more deviant, health care expenditures to this group are reduced (Nicholson-Crotty & Nicholson-Crotty, 2004). COVID-19 has been framed as a deadly virus that can severely impact criminal justice institutions and their surrounding communities (Montoya-Barthelemy et al, 2020;Nowotny et al, 2020), but this has not resulted in protections for all of those in the criminal justice system. In Arkansas, a health secretary referred to criminal justice institutions as "high-risk settings where covid-19 can spread very easily, very rapidly, but they're also closed systems and they don't necessarily represent the situation in Arkansas in general" (Davis, 2020, para.…”

Section: Salient Target Populations and The Subcategorization Of Devimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though individuals in jails and prisons account for a small percentage of the general population, their infection rate is 2.5 times higher than the rest of the U.S.-even surpassing those in nursing facilities (Equal Justice Initiative, 2020). During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a push to release certain inmates, in part, to prevent the virus from spreading in crowded facilities (Montoya-Barthelemy, Lee, Cundiff, & Smith, 2020;Nowotny, Bailey, Omori, & Brinkley-Rubinstein, 2020), and in part, to provide relief for those individuals who are more likely to place additional strain on prison hospital facilities and the overall criminal justice system (BondGraham, 2020). 1 Although federal and state prisons have released few of those incarcerated, local jails have led the way in implementing early release policies (Prison Policy Initiative, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salient target populations and the subcategorization of deviants in the release of inmates during the COVID-19 pandemic

Lofaro

McCue

2020

Administrative Theory & Praxis

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Prisons and jails throughout the United States have reduced their populations to prevent the spread of COVID-19. It is posited herein that as a result of the pandemic, criminals have been subcategorized and given preferential treatment based on their degree of deviance. Applying the salient target populations concept, it is argued that public officials have been able to "cherry pick" criminals with a more positive construction-e.g., the nonviolent, the elderly, or those otherwise at risk of death from the virus-while further perpetuating a negative view of those deemed too deviant for benefits-e.g., those accused of violent or sex crimes. This practice has perpetuated social injustices in the criminal justice system by defining individuals by their crimes and withholding protections from the virus as a result. The Los Angeles County jail system is used as an illustrative case study throughout. Implications and avenues for future research are explored.

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Association of State COVID-19 Vaccination Prioritization With Vaccination Rates Among Incarcerated Persons

et al. 2022

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COVID-19 and the Correctional Environment: The American Prison as a Focal Point for Public Health

Cited by 119 publications

References 8 publications

Predictive Factors for a New Positive Nasopharyngeal Swab Among Patients Recovered From COVID-19

Predictive Factors for a New Positive Nasopharyngeal Swab Among Patients Recovered From COVID-19

Salient target populations and the subcategorization of deviants in the release of inmates during the COVID-19 pandemic

Association of State COVID-19 Vaccination Prioritization With Vaccination Rates Among Incarcerated Persons

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