COVID-19 and the Brain: Acute Encephalitis as a Clinical Manifestation

Haider, Asim; Siddiqa, Ayesha; Ali, Nisha; Dhallu, Manjeet

doi:10.7759/cureus.10784

Cited by 52 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Although the CSF RBC count was only reported for 61/430 (14%) patients [ 22 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 35 , 39 , 40 , 44 , 73 , 74 , 77 , 78 , 81 , 89 , 92 , 102 , 110 , 118 , [120] , [121] , [122] , [123] , 128 , 133 , 134 , [138] , [139] , [140] , 156 , 165 , 166 , [172] , [173] , [174] , [175] , [176] , 180 , 184 , 188 , 191 , 192 , 198 , 202 , 204 , 208 , 215 , 220 , 225 , 227 , 233 , 241 , 242 , 246 ], the CSF white blood cell (WBC) count was provided for 409/430 (95%) patients, 270 (66%) of whom had >0 cells/μL, >1 WBC:1,000 RBC or were noted to have “pleocytosis” ( Fig. 3 ) [ [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , 10 , 13 , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] ...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal fluid in COVID-19: A systematic review of the literature

Lewis

Frontera

Placantonakis

et al. 2021

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

149

152

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We sought to review the literature on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing in patients with COVID-19 for evidence of viral neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2. Methods: We performed a systematic review of Medline and Embase between December 1, 2019 and November 18, 2020 to identify case reports or series of patients who had COVID-19 diagnosed based on positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or serologic testing and had CSF testing due to a neurologic symptom. Results: We identified 242 relevant documents which included 430 patients with COVID-19 who had acute neurological symptoms prompting CSF testing. Of those, 321 (75%) patients had symptoms that localized to the central nervous system (CNS). Of 304 patients whose CSF was tested for SARS-CoV-2 PCR, there were 17 (6%) whose test was positive, all of whom had symptoms that localized to the central nervous system (CNS). The majority (13/17, 76%) of these patients were admitted to the hospital because of neurological symptoms. Of 58 patients whose CSF was tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibody, 7 (12%) had positive antibodies with evidence of intrathecal synthesis, all of whom had symptoms that localized to the CNS. Of 132 patients who had oligoclonal bands evaluated, 3 (2%) had evidence of intrathecal antibody synthesis. Of 77 patients tested for autoimmune antibodies in the CSF, 4 (5%) had positive findings. Conclusion: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in CSF via PCR or evaluation for intrathecal antibody synthesis appears to be rare. Most neurological complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 are unlikely to be related to direct viral neuroinvasion.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal fluid in COVID-19: A systematic review of the literature

Lewis

Frontera

Placantonakis

et al. 2021

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

149

152

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Though the CSF red blood cell count (RBC) was reported for only 19/69 (28%) patients [ [2] , [3] , [4] , 13 , 16 , 18 , 29 , 31 , 35 , 41 , 42 , 45 , [47] , [48] , [49] , [53] , [54] , [55] , 68 ], the CSF white blood cell (WBC) count was reported for 67/69 patients (97%). The CSF WBC count ranged from 0-350 cells/µL; one-third of patients (22/67 patients, 33%) had pleocytosis (CSF WBC count of >5 cells/µL) [ 6 , [8] , [9] , [10] , [14] , [15] , [16] , 30 , 31 , [34] , [35] , [36] , 38 , 42 , 44 , 48 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 58 ], but the remainder of patients had a normal CSF WBC count.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with seizure in the setting of COVID-19: A review of the literature

Carroll

Melmed

Frontera

et al. 2021

Seizure

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“…Both patients had classical symptoms of COVID-19 and a large portion of the gross and histological changes described in the literature thus far [3][4][5]. The histopathology of the pulmonary parenchyma is highly representative of the already published COVID-associated changes [1,[3][4][5][9][10][11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%