“…Different teaching techniques, a shortage of electronic gadgets, a rise in the number of homework assignments (Rzanova et al ., 2022) or lack of conducive learning environments, difficulties coordinating family obligations with academic obligations and difficulties with communication (Barakat and Meler, 2022) were reported as challenges from teenagers, parents, or instructors' perspectives during the pandemic. Especially, the pandemic brought disadvantages to developing countries (including Vietnam) since some students were unable to fully participate in online learning due to a lack of access to Internet data, unstable electricity, technical equipment, Internet connectivity concerns and geographic location (Agu et al ., 2021; Yeboah, 2022; Zarei and Mohammadi, 2022). Digital inequality was highlighted during the COVID-19 epidemic in some developing countries such as Ghana (Kumi-Yeboah et al ., 2023) or Guyana (Oyedotun, 2020) as a huge challenge, due to the lack of facilities and Internet access in the hinterland areas.…”