COVID-19 and Respiratory System Disorders

Brosnahan, Shari B.; Jonkman, Annemijn H.; Kugler, Matthias C.; Munger, John S.; Kaufman, David A.

doi:10.1161/atvbaha.120.314515

Cited by 121 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 121 publications

(146 reference statements)

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“…The current pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 has emerged as a significant public health threat worldwide. Viral pneumonia and acute respiratory failure are the most common clinical manifestations of severe COVID-19, featuring fever, cough, hypoxemia, dyspnea, and bilateral infiltrates on chest radiography (Brosnahan et al, 2020). In humans, SARS-CoV2 binds to the ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistently Increased Systemic ACE2 Activity Is Associated With an Increased Inflammatory Response in Smokers With COVID-19

et al. 2021

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Background: Tobacco smoking is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of several cardiopulmonary diseases. Additionally, smokers are highly susceptible to infectious agents due to weakened immunity. However, the progression of lung injury based on SARS-CoV-2-mediated COVID-19 pathogenesis amongst smokers and those with pre-existing pulmonary diseases is not known. We determined the systemic levels and activity of COVID-19 associated proteins, cytokine/chemokines, and lipid mediators (lipidomics) amongst COVID-19 patients with and without a history of smoking to understand the underlying susceptible factor in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.Methods: We obtained serum from healthy (CoV−), COVID-19 positive (CoV+), and COVID-19 recovered (CoV Rec) subjects with and without a history of smoking. We conducted a Luminex multiplex assay (cytokine levels), LC/MS (eicosanoids or oxylipin panel), and ACE2 enzymatic activity assays on the serum samples to determine the systemic changes in COVID-19 patients.Results: On comparing the levels of serum ACE2 amongst COVID-19 (positive and recovered) patients and healthy controls, we found a pronounced increase in serum ACE2 levels in patients with COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, ACE2 enzyme activity was significantly increased amongst COVID-19 patients with a smoking history. Also, we analyzed the levels of Angiotensin 1–7 (Ang1–7) peptide, the product of enzymatic action of ACE2, in the serum samples. We found significantly high levels of Ang1–7 in the serum of both CoV+ and CoV Rec patients. Our data further demonstrated a smoking-induced increase in serum furin and inflammatory cytokine [IFNγ(p = 0.0836), Eotaxin (p < 0.05), MCP-1 (p < 0.05), and IL-9 (p = 0.0991)] levels in COVID-19 patients as compared to non-smoking controls. Overall, our results show that smoking adversely affects the levels of systemic inflammatory markers and COVID-19 associated proteins, thus suggesting that COVID-19 infection may have severe outcomes amongst smokers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistently Increased Systemic ACE2 Activity Is Associated With an Increased Inflammatory Response in Smokers With COVID-19

et al. 2021

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“…Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a systemic disease caused by Corona Virus 2 (SARS-Cov2), which attacks the respiratory system [16]. Comorbidities that suffered by COVID-19 patients are the reason for the highest cases of death due to Covid.…”

Section: Discussion the Relation Between Hypertension And Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Nanogold-Nanosilver to Increase the Immunity of People Affected by COVID-19 with Hypertension Comorbidities

Divindha¹

2021

ijcsrr

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The SARS‐CoV‐ 2/Covid-19 Coronavirus is currently endemic throughout the world. The comorbidities of Covid-19 with the highest percentage reaching 50.5% are hypertension. Hypertension included in Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) is generally chronic. It can reduce the sufferer’s immune system gradually and is very susceptible to infections, including those caused by viral infections, one of which is the SARS-CoV-2 virus or commonly called COVID-19. Therefore, patients with NCD, especially hypertension, are encouraged to increase immunity and body immunity to avoid virus infection. Currently, nanoparticles, especially Nanogold and Nanosilver, are taking place very rapidly in the health sector because gold and silver nanoparticles have various benefits such as antioxidants, antivirals, and antibacterials. After being proven effective in dealing with leprosy patients in Surabaya, especially in terms of increasing immunity. Now Nanogold-Nanosilver was developed with the hope to help relieve Covid-19 sufferers through increasing the body’s immune system because if the body’s immune system decreases, the virus will quickly enter the body. In this study, Nanogold and Nanosilver were developed into a health water drink that volunteers can drink every day. Volunteers are people affected by Covid-19 in the Karanganyar area of Surabaya. This study uses a one-group pretest-posttest design. The data collection is carried out through direct observation and interviews with people affected by Covid-19 regularly every week. Then the data analysed using a paired T-test on the SPSS application. And obtained a P-value of 0.000, which means that there is an effect of nanogold-nanosilver for increase body immunity.

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“…The diaphragm was also frequently affected in ICU patients due to critical illness and mechanical ventilation [ 96 – 97 ]. Although required for many patients with acute respiratory failure, invasive mechanical ventilation can partially or completely unload respiratory muscles and silence the respiratory centers in the brainstem, leading to the inactivity of the diaphragm [ 98 – 99 ].…”

Section: The Neuroinvasion Of Sars-cov-2 Is Associated With Respiratomentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological involvement in the respiratory manifestations of COVID-19 patients

Tan

Liu

Gui

et al. 2021

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The peculiar features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are challenging the current biological knowledge. Early in Feb, 2020, we suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may possess neuroinvasive potential similar to that of many other coronaviruses. Since then, a variety of neurological manifestations have been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was supported in some patients with neuroimaging and/or cerebrospinal fluid tests. To date, at least 27 autopsy studies on the brains of COVID-19 patients can be retrieved through PubMed/MEDLINE, among which neuropathological alterations were observed in the brainstem in 78 of 134 examined patients, and SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and viral proteins were detected in the brainstem in 16/49 (32.7%) and 18/71 (25.3%) cases, respectively. To shed some light on the peculiar respiratory manifestations of COVID-19 patients, this review assessed the existing evidence about the neurogenic mechanism underlying the respiratory failure induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Acknowledging the neurological involvement has important guiding significance for the prevention, treatment, and prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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COVID-19 and Respiratory System Disorders

Cited by 121 publications

References 121 publications

Persistently Increased Systemic ACE2 Activity Is Associated With an Increased Inflammatory Response in Smokers With COVID-19

Persistently Increased Systemic ACE2 Activity Is Associated With an Increased Inflammatory Response in Smokers With COVID-19

The Effect of Nanogold-Nanosilver to Increase the Immunity of People Affected by COVID-19 with Hypertension Comorbidities

Neurological involvement in the respiratory manifestations of COVID-19 patients

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