COVID-19 and antibiotic resistance: Parallel pandemics and different intercessions.

Abstract

Coronavirus virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the challenges to the global public health. With COVID-19 impacts across all sectors, the most glaring one is its impact on antibiotic resistance, another silence pandemic. Antibiotic resistance is at a crossroads of becoming a major killer and the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic aggravate the threat, due to excessive and extensive use of antibiotics in the treatment package of COVID-19 despite being a viral pneumonia and for prophylaxis to prevent bacterial co-infection. Low bacterial co-infections were associated with COVID-19, but large antibiotics were employed, this challenged the principles of antibiotic stewardship, thus, further complicate the antibiotic stewardship guidelines. This review revolves to highlight the effect of COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on bacterial co-infections as well as how it fuels the already existing silent pandemic; antibiotic resistance which is waiting to unleash its effect on public health and socioeconomic sectors. While there is increased focus on COVID-19 pandemic, the review urged that focus should not be taken off on antibiotic resistance.

Histomorphological and Therapeutic Evaluation of Chrysophyllum Albidum (G. Don) Leaf Extract in Broiler Chickens Infected with Salmonella Gallinarum

“…High death rates have been recorded as a result of infections relating to antimicrobial resistance. The report of [7] substantiates this observation that antibiotic resistance is becoming a global killer phenomenon.…”

Novel Insight into the Cellular and Molecular Signaling Pathways of Costus speciosus in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Review

“…92 These bacterial and/or fungal secondary infections by multiple pathogens interfere with the immune status, which is a big threat to patients during COVID-19. 93 Opportunistic infections by other microorganisms develop in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 during or after the initial infection with a virus, and they are associated with worse adverse outcomes than that of either infection on its own. 94 Sometimes, due to the combined effects of the microbial pathogens, patients may be exposed to severe disease conditions leading to fatal clinical complications.…”

“…95 In most cases, patients are treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs with unknown efficacy 103 for the suspected bacterial or fungal co-infections, 104 but they are not very effective for the treatment of COVID-19 and also suppress the immune system. 101 Based on the recent clinical data, serious adverse side effects have been reported in patients when treated with the above-mentioned antimicrobial drugs, 92 since no specific drug has been approved and shown to be effective until now; 93 whereas a newer drug development regime is time consuming 107 for the prevention and treatment of human coronavirus infections. 108 Therefore, immediate efforts and effective treatment strategies are needed to reduce the risk of transmission and to manage future pandemics.…”

Some issues of safety of antimicrobial therapy in COVID-19 patients

“…смер тельных исходов (Центры США по контролю и профи лактике заболеваний [CDC], 2019). Оценка распростра ненности резистентности затруднена в странах с низким уровнем доходов изза отсутствия данных [31][32].…”