COVID-19 and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Literature Review

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019, also known as the COVID-19 pandemic has had a deleterious impact on daily living, with health and socioeconomic effects of a global magnitude. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), an important cardiovascular disease with significant morbidity and mortality rates, has been frequently reported in patients with this novel virus. This review aims to discuss the potential associations between COVID-19 and ACS with the use of multiple databases, including but not limited to; PubMed, ScienceDirect, World Health Organization, and American Heart Association.We have explored the pathophysiology of ACS, focusing on COVID-19 in particular with the use of various works of literature that highlights the pattern of viral entry and replication via the angiotensin-converting enzyme II. The review has also discussed the impact of the pandemic on hospital admissions, diagnosis, and management of ACS patients, as well as briefly highlighted a possible link between the widely available COVID-19 vaccines and possible cardiovascular complications.The association between COVID-19 and ACS needs more in-depth studies to help establish whether there exists a direct causal and or inciting correlation between them. Understanding this association might lead to new research and treatment options for ACS patients.

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“…Unfortunately, atherosclerosis is often associated with acute coronary events, and COVID-19 can exacerbate this situation by inducing a severe inflammatory state that may trigger similar events. It's important to note that coronary artery disease resulting from atherosclerosis, as well as heart failure, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation, are all considered comorbidities for COVID-19, as they are also caused by chronic inflammation [41]. Patients with heart conditions who contract COVID-19 are at an increased risk of developing acute coronary syndrome, acute heart failure, and arrhythmia, which can lead to higher mortality rates.…”

Differences in door-to-balloon time and outcomes in SARS-CoV-2-positive ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…[34] Previous reports have investigated that COVID-19-positive ACS patients had a higher hospital mortality rate associated with cardiac and noncardiac matters. [35–37] Although this information was not obtained in our meta-analysis, we discovered that the in-hospital mortality of SARS-Cov-2-positive patients remained significantly higher than the negative ones.…”

Platelet link of hemostasis in polymorbid patients with acute coronary syndrome and COVID-19

“…Примечательно, что существующий патогенетический паттерн воздействия вирусов, например гриппа [22], индуцирующих воспаление коронарных сосудов с высвобождением цитокинов, приводящих к эндотелиальной дисфункции, является одним из механизмов возникновения ОКС и у пациентов с COVID-19. Как и в других случаях вирусной инфекции, синдром высвобождения цитокинов в ходе иммунного ответа наблюдается в случаях тяжелого течения COVID-19 и сопровождается системным выбросом провоспалительных цитокинов IL-1B, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 и фактором некроза опухоли-альфа (ФНО-α) [23].…”