“…The theoretical basis for Dizon et al's (2023) study is the locus-of-hope theory (Bernardo, 2010), which proposes that hope can be self-determined (internal hope) or may involve external factors (external family, peers, spiritual hope). Kulesza et al (2022) based their study on the unrealistic optimism theory (Weinstein, 1980), which refers to the idea that people believe that negative events are less likely to happen to them than to others. Singh et al utilized one of Martin Seligman's positive psychological concepts, the PERMA (Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, & Accomplishments) model (Seligman, 2011), which proposes that psychological resources can help people not only adapt to adversity but also cope with the negative consequences of adversity.…”