Covered cloacal exstrophy with pulmonary hypoplasia due to urethral obstruction

Clues and pitfalls in prenatal diagnosis of classic cloacal exstrophy using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging: A case with sequential observation from 17 to 30 weeks' gestation and literature review

“…Intestinal obstruction is a malformation that is rarely associated with CE, and only four cases have been reported to date. 2,12,14,15 We speculate that the ruptured omphalocele induced intestinal adhesion, resulting in a disruption of peristaltic movement and secondary, if not complete, intestinal obstruction. The cause of intrauterine fetal death, in this case, remains unknown; however, we speculate that factors related to the umbilical cord played a major role because the umbilical cord severely adhered to the eviscerated intestines, and no anomalies of vital organs, including those of the cardiovascular system, were present.…”

“…1,2 The cardinal findings of classic CE are an infraumbilical abdominal wall defect mostly with omphalocele, exstrophy of the ileocecal area with prolapsed terminal ileum, flanked by two exstrophied hemibladders, ambiguous external genitalia and an imperforate anus. 3 There have been many reports regarding the prenatal diagnosis of CE since the first report by Meizner et al [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] However, the largest study on the prenatal diagnosis of CE reported that accurate diagnosis was mostly unsatisfactory, with a rate as low as 17% (1 of 6) 5 and fetal diagnosis remains a challenge. We present a case of classic CE, observed longitudinally from 17 to 30 weeks' gestation, using ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and discuss clues for the correct prenatal diagnosis of CE and potential pitfalls, together with a review of the literature.…”