“…Conservation tillage such as no-tillage (NT) and reduced tillage can increase soil aggregate stability, reduce bulk density, increase rainfall infiltration, improve nutrient recycling, and conserve soil water (Carter et al, 2002;Li et al, 2020;Locke et al, 2013;Pierce et al, 1994). Although NT may not ensure crop yield maximization (Bryant et al, 2020b;Vetsch et al, 2007), it can improve economic return by reducing cultivation costs (Dhakal et al, 2024). Reduced soil disturbance can increase surface vegetative cover and soil organic C (Locke et al, 2013;Zhao et al, 2009).…”