Covalently linked water-soluble fullerene–fluorescein dyads as highly efficient photosensitizers: Synthesis, photophysical properties and photochemical action

Toward Understanding the Antitumor Effects of Water-Soluble Fullerene Derivatives on Lung Cancer Cells: Apoptosis or Autophagy Pathways?

“…Attaining high aqueous solubility for hydroxylated fullerenes C 60 (OH) n obtained via chemical modification of C 60 in the early 1990s inspired intense exploration of the potential of water-soluble fullerenes in the field of biomedicine . Water-soluble fullerene derivatives are frequently tested as delivery vehicles for anticancer drugs and magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. , Fullerene derivatives also generate efficiently single oxygen and other reactive oxygen species under illumination, so they are intensively explored as potential drugs for photodynamic antitumor therapy. − …”

Diketopyrrolopyrrole–fullerene C60 architectures as highly efficient heavy atom-free photosensitizers: synthesis, photophysical properties and photodynamic activity

“…[43][44][45][46][47][48][49] A significant number of C 60 -chromophore conjugates were reported and evaluated as triplet PSs. Among others, as chromophores have been used 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY), [50][51][52][53][54][55] porphyrins, [56][57][58][59] fluorenes, [60][61][62] perylenebisimides, 63,64 naphthalenediimides, 65 fluorescein, 66 and rhodamine derivatives. 67,68 Recently, chromophores based on diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives have attracted interest, and have been explored in different applications, due to their high absorption coefficients, high fluorescence quantum yields, excellent photostability and considerable synthetic versatility.…”

Fullerene (C60) Evaluation for Photodynamic Therapy

“…Due to the unique photoproduction abilities of C60 fullerenes, they can generate singlet oxygen and other ROS (O2 -, H2O2, HO • ) under the influence of visible light irradiation [9]. Besides, C60 accumulates in malignant cells selectively and inhibits key enzyme systems competitively [10]. This reduces systematic side effects in the body compared to chemotherapy and other photodynamic agents [11].…”