Covalent immobilization of Aspergillus niger amyloglucosidase (ANAG) with ethylenediamine-functionalized and glutaraldehyde-activated active carbon (EFGAAC) obtained from sesame seed shell

Encapsulation of Amyloglucosidase in Chitosan-SDS Coacervates as a Means to Control Starch Hydrolysis in Plant-Based Beverages

“…However, in this study, the maximum reaction velocity (V max ) was much smaller than their findings, suggesting that substrate preparation, temperature, and pH significantly influence enzyme performance and the overall reaction rate. Similarly, Aslan, Sharif and Sahin [5], on maltodextrin hydrolysis, observed a reduction in K M values after the immobilisation process, in line with results obtained for maltose hydrolysis.…”

“…Among different starch debranching enzymes, amyloglucosidase, an exoamylase, has an extra commercial interest due to the complete conversion of starch and other related polysaccharides into D-glucose monomers, as it specifically hydrolyses α-(1 → 4) and α-(1 → 6) glycosidic linkages of starch into D-glucose [1,2]. Moreover, this enzyme is of great interest for use and study because of its varied food and beverage applications, such as the preparation of sweeteners; the liquefaction of insoluble starch granules present Beverages 2023, 9, 83 2 of 17 in fruit juice, especially evident in unripe fruits; the production of alcoholic beverage by increasing the fermentability and filterability of wort, facilitating the development of low carbohydrate beers and boosting alcohol yield through distilling processes; the saccharification of complex carbohydrate available in plant-based beverages, mitigating potential sensory degradation caused by heat treatment; the production of fermentable carbohydrates, thereby fostering the production of fermented plant-based beverages; and the treatment of starch processing wastewater [3][4][5][6][7].…”

“…These methods include adsorption onto activated charcoal [14], nonporous polystyrene/poly (sodium styrene sulfonate) microspheres [15], and bone powder [16]. The covalent attachment has also been explored using glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan beads [8], glutaraldehydeactivated poly(o-toluidine) support [13], glutaraldehyde-activated active carbon [5], and glutaraldehyde-activated magnetic nanoparticles [17,18]. Other approaches involved entrapping the enzyme into beads made of alginate [8], agar-agar [1], or agarose [2] or creating a crosslinked enzyme aggregate by treating amyloglucosidase with glutaraldehyde [19].…”

Recent Advances in Enzyme Immobilisation Strategies: An Overview of Techniques and Composite Carriers

“…The matrices or supports for this novel technology can be categorised into the following: organic and inorganic compounds. The most reported enzyme supports of organic materials are organic membrane [76], chitosan [77,78], alginate [54], resin [79], collagen [80], gelatine [81], dextran [82], starch [83], carrageenan [42], agarose [84], protein [85], cellulose [86], activated carbon [87], agar [88], and chitin [89]. Synthetic organic materials are polyvinyl alcohol [90], polyurethane foam [91], polyacrylonitrile [92], polyethylene, polypropylene membrane, and polyacrylamide [93][94][95].…”

“…Figure 2 depicts the enzyme carriers classified as organic, inorganic, nanomaterials, and hybrid materials. 7 of 21 [87], agar [88], and chitin [89]. Synthetic organic materials are polyvinyl alcohol [90], polyurethane foam [91], polyacrylonitrile [92], polyethylene, polypropylene membrane, and polyacrylamide [93][94][95].…”