Covalent conjugation of graphene oxide with methotrexate and its antitumor activity

Self‐assembling water‐soluble polymethacrylate–MTX conjugates: The significance of macromolecules architecture on drug conjugation efficiency, the final shape of particles, and drug release

“…Methotrexate (MTX) is an antifolate therapeutic agent with a wide range of applications, including the treatment of many types of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis . Although MTX can be perceived as a drug for a broad spectrum of diseases, its final efficacy strongly depends on a variety of factors: poor solubility, lack of selectivity, short half‐life in the bloodstream, and drug resistance by targeted cells .…”

“…During the last 25 years, among articles on different types of carriers for MTX delivery, up to 20% refers to polymer–MTX conjugates. MTX was conjugated with natural and synthetic macromolecular carriers, such as albumin, dextran, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, polyaspartamide, polyethylene glycol (PEG), dendrimers, poly[N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (PHPMA), and graphene . However, no scientific reports concerning conjugation of MTX to the polymethacrylic carrier have been found in the literature.…”

Nanomedical applications of graphene and graphene oxide

“…The abundance of hydrophilic groups present in dextran and chitosan made the hybrid highly water soluble, while the presence of primary amine groups on chitosan enabled further covalent functionalization of the system. Similar to the roles of PEG, chitosan or dextran in graphene-based DDSs, poly(ethylene imine) [47,48], heparin [49,50], dimethylaminoparthenolide (DMAPT) [51] and starch (a linear polymer formed by α-1-4 glycosidic bonds between D-glucose units) [52] can also be used. Wojtoniszak et al [53] found that the dispersion of GO covalently conjugated with methotrexate (MTX) in biocompatible polymers (PEG and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS)) resulted in an extension of the MTX release time in comparison to the suspension in phosphate buffered saline (PBS).…”

“…The encapsulated photosensitizer, due to its very hydrophobic nature, was not able to escape from the dendrimer-based carrier in an intracellular environment, and hence could not directly induce toxicity. NGO-PEG-PTX DDS MCF 7 [43] GO-CS-CPT DDS HepG2 [44] GO-DEX-CS-Folate DDS HeLa [46] GO-PEI-UCNPs-DOX DDS MCF 7 [47] GO-PEI-pDNA DDS HeLa [48] rGO-LHT7-DOX DDS KB cells and KB-bearing mice [50] G-COOH-PTL DDS Panc-1 [51] Starchfunctionalized graphene-HCPT DDS SW-620 [52] GO-PEG-MTX and GO-PSS-MTX DDS MCF 7 [53] CPT-GO-CD-HA-ADA TDDS MDA-MB-241 [54] PEG-ALG-GON-DOX TDDS HepG2 [58] Material Application Cell line References FA-NGO-DOX-CPT TDDS MCE-7 [59] CD-ADA-PP-GO-DOX DDS HeLa-bearing mice [60] RGD-or RADfunctionalized GO TDDS U87 Mg [61] HA-GO-DOX TDDS H22-bearing mice [62] NGO-HA-DOX TDDS B16F1 [63] GO-Fe-PEG-DOX TDDS, PTT, MRI 4T1 [65] MTX@u-GO-COOH-MNP@OA-CPT TDDS, PTT HepG2 [67] G-Fe3O4-5-FU TDDS HepG2 [69] GO-Fe3O4-5-FU TDDS, MRI - [70] GO-Fe3O4-MnOx TDDS, MRI - [71] NGS-PEG PTT 4T1-bearing mice [76] NGO-Pluronic-MB PTT/PDT HeLa-bearing mice and HeLa cells [77] Graphene-TSCuPc PTT/PDT HeLa cells [78] Fe-Graphenefluoresceine-SiNC4…”

Reduced graphene oxide and inorganic nanoparticles composites – synthesis and characterization

“…Graphene-based nanocomposites are widely investigated in applications such as biomedicine 17 , photocatalysis 18 , biosensors 13 , batteries 19 , supercapacitors 20 , fuel cells 21 , Raman enhancement 22 . In the last years, a lot of attention has been paid to elaborate the methodology of obtaining graphene and graphene derivatives composites with inorganic nanostructures with controlled shape, size, crystallinity and functionality.…”