Covalent Attachment of Alkyl Functionality to 50 nm Silicon Nanowires through a Chlorination/Alkylation Process

Bashouti, Muhammad Y.; Stelzner, Thomas; Christiansen, Silke; Haick, Hossam

doi:10.1021/jp905394w

Cited by 61 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…The high sensitivity, low-power consumption, fast-response times, and the compatibility with conventional silicon technology and readout circuitry, have the potential to get SiNW FETs to give us simple signal transductions of disease breathprints, as well as being amenable to miniaturization and scalability. [45][46][47][48][49][50] Results and Discussion…”

Section: Analysis Of the Clinical Samples Showed That The Optimized Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon Nanowire Sensors Enable Diagnosis of Patients via Exhaled Breath

et al. 2016

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Abstract:Two of the biggest challenges in medicine today are the need to detect diseases in a non-invasive manner, and to differentiate between patients using a single diagnostic tool. The current study targets these two challenges by developing a molecularlymodified Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors (SiNW FETs) and showing its use in the detection and classification of many disease breathprints (lung cancer, gastric cancer, asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). The fabricated SiNW FETs are characterized and optimized based on a training set that correlated their sensitivity and selectivity towards volatile organic compounds (VOCs) linked with diseased states. The best sensors obtained in the training set are then examined under real-world clinical conditions, using breath samples from 374 subjects. Analysis of the clinical samples showed that the optimized SiNW FETs can detectand discriminate between almost all binary comparisons of the diseases under examination with >80% accuracy. Overall, this approach has the potential to support detection of many diseases in a direct positive way, which can reassure patients and prevent numerous negative investigations. 3Physicians are always challenged by the need to give the correct diagnosis as early in the onset of a disease is possible, whether the disease-related symptoms are absent or not evident.1 Symptoms are not always characteristic of one particular disease; overlap of symptoms is common in, for example, lung diseases. 2 Patients with different respiratory diseases, such as malignant or benign tumors, or substantially less severe diseases, may have similar symptoms, e.g. cough, chest pain, difficulty to breathe, etc. These symptoms may be characteristic of lung cancer (LC), pneumonia, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 1,2Therefore, it is of particular clinical importance to find a diagnostic tool capable of distinguishing between these diseases. A diagnostic tool that involves no needle, surgery and/or active materials and/or radioactive exposure would have a benefit.A highly promising approach that could meet the aforementioned need is based on the detection and classification of the disease breathprint, viz. the chemical profiles of highly-and semi-VOCs in exhaled breath linked with disease. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The rationale behind this approach relies on the fact that VOCs generated by cellular metabolic pathways during a specific disease circulate in the blood stream and diffuse into exhaled breath, which is easily sampled. 4,16,17 In certain instances, analysis of breathprints offers several potential advantages, such as: (a) breath samples are non-invasive and easy to obtain; (b) breath contains less complicated mixtures than either serum or urine; and (c) breath testing has the potential for direct and real-time diagnosis and monitoring. 3,18-21Several mass-spectrometry and spectroscopy studies have shown that the breathprint of a specific disease differs from that of healthy control...

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Section: Analysis Of the Clinical Samples Showed That The Optimized Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon Nanowire Sensors Enable Diagnosis of Patients via Exhaled Breath

et al. 2016

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“…[35][36][37][38] The attachment of alkyl chains has been demonstrated on Cl-terminated surfaces using Grignard reagents. This chlorination/ alkylation route has been effective for functionalizing both bulk 39,40 and nanowire 41,42 surfaces of Si and Ge. Ge surfaces passivated with alkyl chains show far greater stability compared to hydrogen or halogenated (Cl/Br/I) surfaces due to the strong Ge-C bond (460 kJ mol -1 ) and the presence of a hydrophobic monolayer hindering the access of oxidizing species toward the Ge surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkane and Alkanethiol Passivation of Halogenated Ge Nanowires

et al. 2010

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The ambient stability and surface coverage of halogen (Cl, Br, and I) passivated germanium nanowires were investigated by X-ray photoelectron and X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy. After exposure to air for 24 h, the stability of the halogen-terminated Ge nanowire surfaces toward reoxidation was found to improve with the increasing size of the halogen atoms, i.e., I > Br > Cl. Halogen termination was effective in removing the native Ge oxide (GeO x ) and could also be utilized for further functionalization. Functionalization of the halogenated Ge nanowires was investigated using alkyl Grignard reagents and alkanethiols. The stability of the alkyl and alkanethiol passivation layers from the different halogen-terminated surfaces was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Alkanethiol functionalized nanowires showed greater resistance against reoxidation of the Ge surface compared to alkyl functionalization when exposed to ambient conditions for 1 week.

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“…Alternatively, Bashouti and co-workers applied a 2-step chlorination-alkylation method to Si NWs. [26] Although this approach leads to less surface oxidation and more densely packed monolayers, it required rather harsh preparation conditions. Finally, the attachment of 1-alkenes onto Si surfaces under UV light is another popular method for Si surface functionalization, [27,28] which is much milder again, but also provides only an intermediate electrical passivation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%