Coupling of the CAS‐LSM Land‐Surface Model With the CAS‐FGOALS‐g3 Climate System Model

Abstract

Eco-hydrological processes play an important role in land-atmosphere interactions, and human activities including CO 2 emissions and land and water resource management have been shown to influence the climate at a local and global scale (Pielke & Avissar 1990; Solomon et al., 2007). Agricultural activities including water withdrawal and irrigation human water use (HWR) can significantly cool the surface, enhance evapotranspiration, and consume local water resources (Lobell et al., 2006; Zeng et al., 2017). Extraction and consumption of water resource is also complicated by groundwater lateral flow (GLF) from the surrounding areas that offsets the loss of locally stored water and hence affects the climate (Maxwell et al., 2007; Z.

The Land Component LM4.1 of the GFDL Earth System Model ESM4.1: Model Description and Characteristics of Land Surface Climate and Carbon Cycling in the Historical Simulation

“…Future GFDL land model development will integrate existing GFDL land capabilities, including the urban canopy model (Li et al, 2016a(Li et al, , 2016b, water quality (Lee et al, 2023), and N cycling in plants and soils (Sulman et al, 2014(Sulman et al, , 2019 and seek to improve the competitive plant dynamics (Detto et al, 2022), subgrid hydrological heterogeneity Light and dark red shading correspond to bareness fraction greater than 0.1 and 0.5, respectively. (Chaney et al, 2018), and urban water management (Xie et al, 2021). Once biases in tropical vegetation are addressed, we expect the magnitude of the land carbon sink to increase and become more in line with observational estimates.…”

Simulated Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Freezing and Thawing Fronts in CAS‐FGOALS‐g3

“…Wang et al, 2020b). The distributions of groundwater, evapotranspiration, and frozen soil are well reproduced by CAS-LSM (Xie et al, 2018(Xie et al, , 2020.…”

Explicit Representation of Orographic Anisotropy for All Directions Improves Nanling Mountain Rainfall Simulation

“…Li et al, 2020a;G. Lin et al, 2022;Xie et al, 2021a), further work should be done to improve this representation of orographic anisotropy in GCMs.…”

“…This would impact simulations of the mountain regions where their terrain orientation are not highest at the 8 representative directions, like that of the Nanling mountains. As even the state‐of‐art GCMs exhibit significant bias in simulating the mountain climate (Caldwell et al., 2019; Golaz et al., 2019, 2022; L. Li et al., 2020a; H. Li et al., 2020; G. Lin et al., 2022; Xie et al., 2021a), further work should be done to improve this representation of orographic anisotropy in GCMs.…”

“…These small branches create complex orientation of the mountain topography often referred as orographic anisotropy that can have significant impact on cross‐topographic flows (Xie et al., 2020, 2021b). Due to the resolution of the current global climate models, these features are commonly misrepresented in the models since their scales are much smaller than the model grid size (Caldwell et al., 2019; Golaz et al., 2019, 2022; L. Li et al., 2020a, 2020b; G. Lin et al., 2022; Xie et al., 2021a). Kim and Doyle (2005) have implemented orographic anisotropy parameters that describe these features of the complex terrain.…”