Coupling of single nitrogen‐vacancy defect centers in diamond nanocrystals to optical antennas and photonic crystal cavities

Wolters, Janik; Kewes, Günter; Schell, Andreas W.; Nüsse, Nils; Schoengen, Max; Löchel, Bernd; Hanke, Tobias; Bratschitsch, Rudolf; Leitenstorfer, Alfred; Aichele, Thomas; Benson, Oliver

doi:10.1002/pssb.201100156

Cited by 40 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The observed fluorescence intensity is typically limited by the inefficiency of photon collection. To combat this inefficiency, various photonic and plasmonic approaches have been tried such as solid immersion lenses [20][21][22], photonic nanowires [23], cavities [24][25][26][27][28], plasmonic apertures [29], nanoantennas [30,31], waveguides [32][33][34] and metamaterials [35]. These structures work by modifying the near-field and farfield behavior of the emission thus drastically enhancing the collection efficiency.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electron spin contrast of Purcell-enhanced nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in nanodiamonds

et al. 2017

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Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond allow for coherent spin state manipulation at room temperature, which could bring dramatic advances to nanoscale sensing and quantum information technology. We introduce a novel method for the optical measurement of the spin contrast in dense nitrogen-vacancy (NV) ensembles. This method brings a new insight into the interplay between the spin contrast and fluorescence lifetime. We show that for improving the spin readout sensitivity in NV ensembles, one should aim at modifying the far field radiation pattern rather than enhancing the emission rate.Nitrogen-vacancy color centers (NV) in diamond are fluorescent lattice defects resulting from a vacancy and an adjacent nitrogen substitution [1,2]. These color centers have proven to be excellent testbeds for novel nanoscale optical devices.Ultrasensitive electromagnetic field [3][4][5][6][7][8], strain [9,10], pressure [11], and temperature [12,13] sensors as well as integrated quantum information processors [14][15][16] operating at ambient conditions have been prototyped using NVs. These capabilities are in large part due to the unique properties of the NV's electron spin, which may be optically initialized and manipulated by microwave signals [17,18]. The NV exhibits a spin-dependent fluorescence rate, which can be used for optical spin state readout [19]. We have calibrated the laser power using saturation measurements to ensure that both nanodiamonds on sapphire and TiN experience a similar optical excitation rate opt 1.5 MHz k [51]. For larger pump powers, we found that the contrast 1 T C drops and almost completely vanishes in strong saturation [51]. The origin of this effect, which is still under investigation, can be attributed to the charge exchange processes involving proximal NV centers and/or nitrogen impurities. Such dynamics may be especially pronounced in dense ensembles like ours, e.g. due to Auger-type effects. This effect makes it impractical to work in the saturation regime and limits the observable spin contrast values.Before rigorously investigating the observed dependence of spin contrast on fluorescence lifetime, we present a qualitative explanation, based on the NV level structure (Figure 4(a)). For simplicity, in this discussion we assume that the optical excitation rate is much lower than all the level decay rates. Following the absorption of a photon, both the excited state (ES) and the singlet levels relax into the ground state (GS) levels before the next photon is absorbed. The excited states (ES) of the s 0 m  and s 1 m  subsystems (i.e. levels 0e and 1e respectively) have equal radiative decay rates ( rad k ) into their respective ground states (GS) 0g and 1g . However, the fluorescence rate of the s 0 m  subsystem is higher, because the non-radiative decay of 0e through the singlet state s is less probable than that of 1e ( Here,is the rate of spin-conserving direct ES decay, opt k is the optical pumping rate, () cross i k are the intersystem crossing rates from 0e and 1e to the singlet state...

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Electron spin contrast of Purcell-enhanced nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in nanodiamonds

et al. 2017

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“…Pick and place approaches have been used, for example, to couple a single NV center to an optical fiber by directly placing it at the fibers end facet, 26 by placing it at the tapered part of tapered fiber, 14 or by placing it inside an all-fiber cavity. 27 Coupling of single NV centers to photonic crystal cavities resulting in resonant enhancement 24,28,29 and coupling to lithographic plamonic antennas 29,30 and plasmonic nanowires 30 has been achieved using pick and place techniques.…”

Section: Nanoassemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for optical integration of single-photon sources

et al. 2015

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Single-photon sources based on solid-state emitters, like quantum dots, molecules or defect centers in diamond, are one of the key components for an integrated quantum technology. Here, we will show different strategies used in order to integrate single-photon emitters. Among others, we introduce an hybrid approach using photon emission from defect centers in diamond and laser-written photonic structures. Waveguides, microresonators, and optical antennas can be fabricated and oriented with respect to the single emitters. We describe our general approach before we specifically address the problem of efficient single-photon collection through optical antennas. We discuss the limitations of the method, its potential for scalability as well as its extension towards optical sensing applications.

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“…In the case of continuous pumping, the Purcell effect leads to a change of the radiated power [36,37]. If the electromagnetic environment is lossless, the Purcell factor describes a change in the total radiated power P rad in the far-field zone: …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The radiation enhancement at the ZPL wavelength via the Purcell effect has been demonstrated experimentally for photoniccrystal cavities [38][39][40], micro-ring resonators [41][42][43], and metal substrates [44]. The emission extraction efficiency can be improved exploiting waveguiding or redirecting structures, such as diamond nanowire [45], metallic apertures on a diamond surface [46] or plasmonic nanoantenna [27,37,47]. If NV center is located inside a diamond plate, emitted radiation can couple to guided modes of the plate via the total internal reflection [48].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced emission extraction and selective excitation of NV centers with all–dielectric nanoantennas

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Maloshtan

Chigrin

et al. 2015

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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A novel approach to facilitate excitation and readout processes of isolated negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers is proposed. The approach is based on the concept of all-dielectric nanoantennas. It is shown that the all-dielectric nanoantenna can significantly enhance both the emission rate and emission extraction efficiency of a photoluminescence signal from a single NV center in a diamond nanoparticle on a dielectric substrate. The proposed approach provides high directivity, large Purcell factor, and efficient beam steering, thus allowing an efficient far-field initialization and readout of several NV centers separated by subwavelength distances.

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Coupling of single nitrogen‐vacancy defect centers in diamond nanocrystals to optical antennas and photonic crystal cavities

Cited by 40 publications

References 32 publications

Electron spin contrast of Purcell-enhanced nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in nanodiamonds

Electron spin contrast of Purcell-enhanced nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in nanodiamonds

Strategies for optical integration of single-photon sources

Enhanced emission extraction and selective excitation of NV centers with all–dielectric nanoantennas

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