Coupling Element-Based Dual-Antenna Structures for Mobile Terminal with Hand Effects

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive simulation study on the performance of coupling element-based dual-antenna structures on a mobile terminal at the 2,000 MHz Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) frequency band with varying two significant hand effects; vertical position of hand along terminal chassis, and distance between hand palm and terminal chassis. The results reveal that in uniformly distributed isotropic environment, there exists a gain imbalance between antenna elements due to hand effects and it is shown that a gain imbalance of 3.7 dB lead to a reduction of 1.9 dB in diversity gain at 99% reliability level using maximal ratio combining (MRC) technique. For a dual-antenna configuration, the impact of gain imbalance on diversity gain is more significant when only one antenna element is in close proximity to the hand, compared to when both antenna elements are in the presence of the hand. It is also shown that a dual-antenna structure with elements vertically oriented along the edges of a small 100 mm 9 40 mm mobile terminal chassis achieves better performance in port-toport isolation, gain imbalance and diversity gain compared to other studied dual-antenna configurations when the user's hand is present.

Design Strategy for 4G Handset Antennas and a Multiband Hybrid Antenna

“…This will cause problems with, e.g., EM isolation between closely spaced antennas. In addition to an increasing number of antennas and isolation issues, different ways of holding the mobile terminal and different hand grips have to be taken into account in order to ensure efficient antenna operation [43].…”

Capacitive coupling elements — Changing the way of designing antennas

“…In the case of our CCE antenna example, inter-band CA is possible between a low-band component carrier and a highband component carrier because the low-band and high-band feed are separated and well isolated like in [40]. Implementing MIMO with CCE antennas has also been studied with success [32], [41]. At the high-band, selective excitation of the chassis wavemodes will guarantee good isolation between the ports and uncorrelated radiation patterns.…”

“…decrease outage probability, at the expense of having rather poor isolation between the feed ports. The user interaction of CCE antennas has also been extensively studied especially by the group of prof. Vainikainen, showing that the CCE antennas perform relatively well also against undesired effects of the user proximity [21], [41]- [44].…”

Design and Measurement-Based Evaluation of Multi-Antenna Mobile Terminals for Lte 3500 MHZ Band

“…The degradation of MIMO performance in the presence of user's hand has been the main concern in research [7,8,16,17]. The effect of the user's hand is a further aspect requiring adequate consideration in the early design phase.…”