Coupled Densification—Shape Distortion Analysis of Liquid Phase Sintering Affected By Gravity

Feasibility study of ‘elephant foot’ phenomenon during liquid phase sintering of systems with volatile components

“…Densification and shape retention of bronze specimens at various sintering conditions were investigated by Liu et al 10 who suggested gravitational force is responsible for shape loss, where segregation of liquid phase at the bottom areas results in more distortion. This phenomenon is well known as 'elephant foot' and has been described by several researchers [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] for alloys such as bronze, stainless steel 316L and some tungsten heavy alloys, i.e. with systems containing virtually non-volatile components.…”

Influence of gravity on sintering of 3D‐printed powder components

“…In those studies, the model based on the continuum theory of sintering described the expected distortion and inhomogeneous porosity distribution in the sintered bodies taking into consideration the presence of the gravitational force. 23 The present study uses the model described in Contreras et al 24 that takes into account gravity-induced grain settling during the liquid-phase sintering. The silicarich Na 2 O-K 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 system used in the present work undergoes the formation of the low-viscosity phase thanks to the presence of the alkaline oxides (Na 2 O and K 2 O).…”

“…The study proposed by Contreras et al [23][24][25][26] represents one of the first attempts where a finite element methods software was employed to consider the liquid phase sintering under the influence of gravity and to develop an analytical solution in a normalized ("master-sintering" like) form. In those studies, the model based on the continuum theory of sintering described the expected distortion and inhomogeneous porosity distribution in the sintered bodies taking into consideration the presence of the gravitational force.…”

“…The present study uses the model described in Contreras et al 24 that takes into account gravity‐induced grain settling during the liquid‐phase sintering. The silica‐rich Na 2 O‐K 2 O‐Al 2 O 3 ‐SiO 2 system used in the present work undergoes the formation of the low‐viscosity phase thanks to the presence of the alkaline oxides (Na 2 O and K 2 O) 27‐36 .…”

“…23 Impregnation of alumina matrix in eight-harness satin Nextel 610 fabric has been studied numerically in Ref. [ 24 ]. Modeling approaches used in the above work generally involved modeling the flow of a high viscosity resin through porous media and modeling the chemical reactions and volumetric changes during processing.…”