County-level racial prejudice and the black-white gap in infant health outcomes

Toward the use of approach/avoidance tendencies as attitude measures: Individual‐ and group‐level variability of the ingroup bias

“…Indeed, even if we only recruited European Americans living in the US, participants were likely to come from states/cities having a non‐homogeneous cultural knowledge about African versus European Americans. In line with this idea, we know from previous work that there is meaningful variability in the racial bias due to cities and counties (Hehman, Flake, & Calanchini, ; Orchard & Price, ; Payne, Vuletich, & Brown‐Iannuzzi, ; Zerhouni, Rougier, & Muller, ). Any inter‐individual variability (or differences in inter‐individual variability between the VAAST and the IAT) could thus be explained by a variability in cultural exposure.…”

“…Payne et al () reviewed empirical evidence showing that effects at the individual level are generally unstable (Gawronski, Morrison, Phills, & Galdi, ) and only weakly associated with individual differences (e.g., in predicting discriminatory behaviors; Greenwald et al, ; Oswald et al, ). On the contrary, at the aggregate level (e.g., IAT scores aggregated as a function of US states), these effects are stable (Payne et al, ; see also Hehman, Calanchini, Flake, & Leitner, ) and strongly associated with situational variables (e.g., city‐level; Zerhouni et al, ; region‐level; Hehman et al, ; county/state‐level; Orchard & Price, ; Payne et al, ). Authors concluded that these effects would be mostly due to the situational accessibility of concepts (i.e., conveyed by racist institutions and cultures), what the authors called the “systemic bias”.…”

Contextualizing public stigma: Endorsed mental health treatment stigma on college and university campuses

“…As scholars have suggested in a wide-ranging literature on neighborhood and school contextual effects, individual characteristics and aggregated individual characteristics at the group level may each have their own influence on social processes and outcomes (Harding 2003;Jencks and Mayer, 1990;Kubzansky et al 2005;Lauen and Gaddis 2013;Sampson, Morenoff, and GannonRowley 2002;Sharkey et al, 2012). In fact, recent work has highlighted the link between community-level prejudice and health outcomes (Blair and Brondolo 2017;Orchard and Price 2017). Moreover, researchers have found a variety of contextual effects on mental health outcomes (Hill and Maimon 2013;Ivory et al 2011;Leventhal and Brooks-Gunn 2003;Schulz et al 2000) including on college and university campuses (Byrd and McKinnery 2012).…”

Addressing implicit bias in pediatric hematology‐oncology

“…Among academic pediatric faculty leaders, there exists a slight pro‐white and anti‐black implicit bias . Additionally, counties with higher implicit racial bias have an increased black‐white gap with regard to low birth weight …”

“…13 Additionally, counties with higher implicit racial bias have an increased black-white gap with regard to low birth weight. 14 In addition to the literature on implicit bias in pediatrics, there are a number of published studies demonstrating implicit bias in adult oncology. For example, a 2016 study examined video-recorded treatment discussions between 18 non-black oncologists and 112 black new patients to examine the impact of oncologist implicit racial bias on patient communication and treatment perception.…”