Country of origin label monitoring of musky and common octopuses (Eledone spp. and Octopus vulgaris) by means of a portable near-infrared spectroscopic device

Harnessing the Full Power of Chemometric-Based Analysis of Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectral Data to Boost the Identification of Seafood Provenance and Fishing Areas

“…An overall model classification accuracy above 80.0% was observed for most species, with the exception of the model generated for S. aurata, which had a lower overall classification accuracy (74.2%). Previous works [ 40 ] also indicated that classifiers attained in PLS-DA approaches can guarantee highly efficient classification results in cross-validation. This might be due to the existence of a direct linear relationship between TXRF spectral patterns and the geographical origin of the considered species, promoted by Savitzky–Golay spectral pre-processing operations, because even in highly complex samples, this correlation can be easily extrapolated by traditional linear techniques [ 40 , 41 ].…”

“…Previous works [ 40 ] also indicated that classifiers attained in PLS-DA approaches can guarantee highly efficient classification results in cross-validation. This might be due to the existence of a direct linear relationship between TXRF spectral patterns and the geographical origin of the considered species, promoted by Savitzky–Golay spectral pre-processing operations, because even in highly complex samples, this correlation can be easily extrapolated by traditional linear techniques [ 40 , 41 ]. For all species analyzed, lower accuracy of classification to geographical origin area (below 75%) was observed in the center areas (i.e., center-north, center, and center-south; Figure 6 ).…”

“…Most chemometric approaches based on spectral data use near-infrared (NIR) as a basis [ 21 , 23 , 40 ], where some spectral regions correspond to specific groups of compounds present in the sample matrix (e.g., lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins) [ 22 ]. In X-ray fluorescence-based spectral data, peaks result from the excitation of certain chemical elements present in the sample matrix by X-ray photons, generating fluorescence emission peaks, with each element generating two or more tails [ 28 ].…”

“…The last three observable peaks correspond to an area where Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, Pb, and other high-Z elements, have one of the main fluorescence peaks, with these elements also being very abundant in marine seafood samples [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 42 , 43 ]. Nevertheless, the use of specific elements instead of the full TXRF spectra greatly reduces the number of features used as input for the chemometric approaches, from several thousand to a few dozen, as it is observable between elemental analysis and other spectral fingerprinting approaches [ 40 , 43 ]. While for food safety and nutrition analysis, elemental concentration in edible seafood tissues is essential, for provenance and traceability, we can used the full power of the spectral analysis to amplify discrimination and classification success.…”

Rapid and Green Methods for Qualitative Classification of Polygonati Rhizoma and Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma Using a Handheld near Infrared Instrument

“…In the last decade, the applications of handheld nearinfrared (NIR) spectroscopy tools for authentication and traceability of goods, in particular food, are increased [23]. Furthermore, NIR spectroscopy, coupled with chemometrics, has also proved to be a reliable tool in the detection of origin, cultivation mode, growth years, and adulterated products of Chinese herbs [24][25][26][27][28].…”