“…Tracey, Hays, Malone, and Herman (1988) suggested that Stein and Lambert's (1984) definition of experience—novice, advanced, and professional—may be the most efficient method for defining level of experience because it categorizes therapists on the basis of concrete experiences more than on the type of degree or years in school. Furthermore, this categorization has been found to differentiate therapeutic interventions and effectiveness of trainees (e.g., Guinee & Tracey, 1994; Robyak, 1981; Robyak, Goodyear, Prange, & Donham, 1986).…”