Coumarin-Encapsulated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as an Effective Therapy against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Bacterial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens are a significant public health problem. This is because the transmission of infectious diseases is shifting, and new antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are emerging. The development of biofilms that are resistant to antibiotics poses another hurdle to drugs and treatment alternatives. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop innovative strategies to effectively eliminate antibiotic-resistant microorganisms effectively. Natural coumarins have broad spectrum bioactivity and the potential for lower resistance. Coumarin is a secondary metabolite found in certain plants, fungi, and bacteria. It is highly effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Therefore, coumarin can be used as an alternative to combat MRSA. However, most antibacterial agents lack selective targeting of pathological sites, limiting the efficacy of their antibacterial activity. Efficient MRSA treatments can be achieved through nanoparticle (NPs)-based targeted therapies. To address this challenge, a novel coumarin-loaded solid lipid nanocarrier for MRSA was developed to overcome this challenge. The developed systems exhibited a particle size of 138.5 ± 76.06 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.245 ± 0.00. The zeta potential of coumarin-loaded SLNs was reported to be −22.2 ± 8.15 mV with a spherical shape. The encapsulation efficiency of coumarin was reported to be 63.09 ± 3.46% in the final formulation. The developed formulation was biocompatible with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.08 µg/ml. This study suggests that coumarin-loaded SLNs can effectively treat MRSA infections.

Proteomic Analysis of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Treated with ShangKeHuangShui

“…MS data were acquired using a data-dependent top10 method, dynamically selecting the most abundant precursor ions from the survey scan (300-1800 m/z) for higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) fragmentation. The automatic gain control (AGC) target was set to 3e 6 , and the dynamic exclusion duration was 40.0 s. The survey scans were acquired at a resolution of 70000 at m/z 200. After the full scan, the top 10 intense precursor ions were chosen for MS2 analysis at a resolution of 17500 at m/z 200 with an isolation width of 2 m/z.…”

“…A full MS scan was performed at a resolution of 60000 at 200 m/z with a scan mass range of 300-1800 m/z. It had a target AGC of 3e 6 and a maximum injection time of 200 ms. Following each full MS scan, 20 PRM scans (MS2 scans) were collected based on a scheduled inclusion list with an isolation window of 1.6 Th.…”

“…Following each full MS scan, 20 PRM scans (MS2 scans) were collected based on a scheduled inclusion list with an isolation window of 1.6 Th. These scans were acquired at a resolution of 30000 at 200 m/z, with a target AGC of 3e 6 and a maximum injection time of 120 ms. Peptides were chosen for MS2 scans utilizing the HCD operating mode with a normalized collision energy of 27 eV. The sum of the top three fragment ion intensities was calculated in Skyline (MacCoss Lab Software version 3.5.0, U.S.A.) to estimate peptide signal intensity.…”

“…2,3) Several antibiotics, including those specifically designed to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), have been developed for the treatment of SAU infections. [4][5][6] Previous studies showed that antibiotics suppress SAU by targeting proteins that are related to cell envelope formation, protein synthesis and nucleic acids biosynthesis. [7][8][9] Typically, a single chemical compound has a molecular target.…”