Coulometric and polarographic determinations of trace amounts of lead

Electroanalysis

“…Sease (136) has also described coulometric methods for the determination of nitro compounds. Marple and Rogers (96) have employed the principle previously developed for the determination of silver (94) for carrying out coulometric determinations of lead in concentrations as low as 10~8ilf. Yamada (159) has been able to determine 1 to 100 y of copper by controlled potential electrodeposition; a mercury microcoulometer (160) was employed to measure the quantity of electricity required.…”

“…The topic has been reviewed in several articles on electroanalytical methods (6, 30, 107,182,196) as well as in more specific articles on amperometric titrations (80,96,100,110,114,136,187).…”

Recent Developments in Stripping Analysis on Microelectrodes

“…SA was first used by Zbinden in 1931 to determine small concentrations of copper at a platinum electrode [4]. For a long time little attention was paid to the development of the technique, until the 1950s, when the remarkable sensitivity of SA was stressed by Barker and Jenkis [5], Rogers [6][7][8] and Kemula and Kublick [9], and various types of stationary mercury electrodes were introduced as working electrodes in polarography [3]. In the 1960s, theory for stripping voltammetry, together with new modulated potential waveforms, was developed [10], and commercially available, low cost equipment was produced [3].…”

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Nickel at Solid Electrodes

“…The amount so deposited then bears a known relation to the concentration of the metal ion and is measured in terms of an electrical signal produced by its complete or partial dissolution at more anodic voltages. The stripping has been carried out manually at various potentials (7), automatically with a linear voltage scan (8,6,9,12,14,15), by potentialstep and current-step procedures (11,16), and by square wave polarography (1). Platinum (9,14), mercury-plated platinum (6,12), and liquid mercury (1,8,7,15,16) electrodes have been used.…”

“…The stripping has been carried out manually at various potentials (7), automatically with a linear voltage scan (8,6,9,12,14,15), by potentialstep and current-step procedures (11,16), and by square wave polarography (1). Platinum (9,14), mercury-plated platinum (6,12), and liquid mercury (1,8,7,15,16) electrodes have been used. Mercury drop or pool electrodes offer the advantages of a renewable surface and a wide cathodic voltage range, while those of platinum or other inert metals provide greater sensitivity through complete recovery of the deposited metal and may be used at more anodic potentials.…”