Could the Induction of Trained Immunity by β-Glucan Serve as a Defense Against COVID-19?

Geller, Anne E; Yan, Jun

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01782

Cited by 79 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…Trained immunity may even play a role in combating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. As one of the sequelae of COVID-19 infections include secondary respiratory infections, the BCG vaccine or β-glucan may be adjunct strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality by enhancing immunity ( 272 , 273 ). Imiquimod, a TLR7 agonist, has also been proposed as a therapeutic adjunct for COVID-19 and related infections ( 274 ).…”

Section: Toll-like Receptor Agonist-induced Trained Immunity: a Clinimentioning

confidence: 99%

TLR Agonists as Mediators of Trained Immunity: Mechanistic Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential to Combat Infection

et al. 2021

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Despite advances in critical care medicine, infection remains a significant problem that continues to be complicated with the challenge of antibiotic resistance. Immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to development of severe infection which often progresses to the life-threatening condition of sepsis. Thus, immunotherapies aimed at boosting host immune defenses are highly attractive strategies to ward off infection and protect patients. Recently there has been mounting evidence that activation of the innate immune system can confer long-term functional reprogramming whereby innate leukocytes mount more robust responses upon secondary exposure to a pathogen for more efficient clearance and host protection, termed trained immunity. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are a class of agents which have been shown to trigger the phenomenon of trained immunity through metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications which drive profound augmentation of antimicrobial functions. Immunomodulatory TLR agonists are also highly beneficial as vaccine adjuvants. This review provides an overview on TLR signaling and our current understanding of TLR agonists which show promise as immunotherapeutic agents for combating infection. A brief discussion on our current understanding of underlying mechanisms is also provided. Although an evolving field, TLR agonists hold strong therapeutic potential as immunomodulators and merit further investigation for clinical translation.

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Section: Toll-like Receptor Agonist-induced Trained Immunity: a Clinimentioning

confidence: 99%

TLR Agonists as Mediators of Trained Immunity: Mechanistic Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential to Combat Infection

et al. 2021

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“…Recent studies show that innate immune cells may possess a form of memory, termed Trained Immunity (TRIM), a long-term boosting of innate immune response mainly maintained by natural killer cells and lung innate lymphoid cell group 2 through common epigenetic mechanisms [92,93]. The exposure to an initial stimulus leads these cells to a metabolic, mitochondrial, and epigenetic reprogramming, which results in a memory phenotype of enhanced immune responses after the exposition to a secondary, heterologous stimulus [94]. Geller et al also evaluate the potential effects of β-glucan about the immune dysregulation and cytokine storm observed in COVID-19.…”

Section: H5n1-vn1203mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Geller et al also evaluate the potential effects of β-glucan about the immune dysregulation and cytokine storm observed in COVID-19. In their studies, they observed that β-glucan-driven TRIM also determines some epigenetic changes and that it could represent a useful target for COVID-19 treatment [94].…”

Section: H5n1-vn1203mentioning

confidence: 99%

The epigenetic implication in coronavirus infection and therapy

et al. 2020

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Epigenetics is a relatively new field of science that studies the genetic and non-genetic aspects related to heritable phenotypic changes, frequently caused by environmental and metabolic factors. In the host, the epigenetic machinery can regulate gene expression through a series of reversible epigenetic modifications, such as histone methylation and acetylation, DNA/RNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs. The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in Wuhan, China, and spread worldwide, causes it. COVID-19 severity and consequences largely depend on patient age and health status. In this review, we will summarize and comparatively analyze how viruses regulate the host epigenome. Mainly, we will be focusing on highly pathogenic respiratory RNA virus infections such as coronaviruses. In this context, epigenetic alterations might play an essential role in the onset of coronavirus disease complications. Although many therapeutic approaches are under study, more research is urgently needed to identify effective vaccine or safer chemotherapeutic drugs, including epigenetic drugs, to cope with this viral outbreak and to develop pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis against COVID-19.

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“…β-glucans have also been shown to exhibit antiviral activity against HSV-1 (112,113) and influenza virus (114,115). More recently, it was suggested that β-glucans can help to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 (116,117).…”

Section: Amino Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutraceuticals and herbal extracts: A ray of hope for COVID‑19 and related infections (Review)

2020

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The global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), for which there is no effective vaccine or treatment available yet, has led to a global health emergency. Despite a lack of clinical data, compelling evidence from the literature suggests that certain nutraceuticals (such as omega-3 fats, β-glucans, amino acids, probiotics, vitamins and minerals) and plant-based compounds derived from herbal extracts may potentially be used in the treatment of COVID-19. In the present review article, the benefits of such natural products in treating various respiratory complications are highlighted, and it is tentatively suggested that these benefits could be extrapolated to COVID-19. These natural compounds may not only modulate the immunity of a susceptible population, but may also pave the way towards the development of drugs which may be used to treat COVID-19. Although attention has recently focused on these compounds in this context, further clinical and experimental studies are required to validate their efficacy. It is thus suggested that the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of these compounds be carried out as soon as possible, in order to counteract the ongoing increase in the number of cases of COVID-19. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Therapeutic benefits of nutraceuticals for respiratory complications 3. Therapeutic benefits of herbal extracts for respiratory complications 4. Conclusion Prevention and treatment of COVID-19. As of August 5, 2020, no vaccine or successful treatment for COVID-19 has been reported and only supportive care, personal protection, early diagnosis and isolation are available to reduce the spread and severity of the infection (5). Huang et al (6) reported that patients with COVID-19 develop acute respiratory distress syndrome, followed by anemia, acute heart injuries and secondary infections. Empirical therapy with antibiotics (including cephalosporins, azithromycin, vancomycin, quinolones, tigecycline and carbapenems), antivirals (including lopinavir, ritonavir, remdesivir and oseltamivir) and corticosteroids (including dexamethasone and methylprednisolone) has thus been used for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 (7). The clinical efficacy of all of these treatments, however, warrants further confirmation. Potential agents with which to combat COVID-19. Research proposals and clinical trials have suggested that some treatments, including supplements and phytochemicals, have the potential to help fight coronavirus infection. A recent study suggested that the risk of becoming infected could be reduced by vitamin D3 supplementation. Serum concentrations >40-60 ng/ml (100-150 nmol/l) were suggested to be

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Could the Induction of Trained Immunity by β-Glucan Serve as a Defense Against COVID-19?

Cited by 79 publications

References 110 publications

TLR Agonists as Mediators of Trained Immunity: Mechanistic Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential to Combat Infection

TLR Agonists as Mediators of Trained Immunity: Mechanistic Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential to Combat Infection

The epigenetic implication in coronavirus infection and therapy

Nutraceuticals and herbal extracts: A ray of hope for COVID‑19 and related infections (Review)

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