Could probiotics protect against human toxicity caused by polystyrene nanoplastics and microplastics?

Abstract

Nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs) made of polystyrene (PS) can be toxic to humans, especially by ingestion of plastic particles. These substances are often introduced into the gastrointestinal tract, where they can cause several adverse effects, including disturbances in intestinal flora, mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and exacerbated oxidative stress. Although there are widespread reports of the protective effects of probiotics on the harm caused by chemical contaminants, limited information is available on how these organisms may protect against PS toxicity in either humans or animals. The protective effects of probiotics can be seen in organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract, and even the brain. It has been shown that both MPs and NPs could induce microbial dysbiosis in the gut, nose and lungs, and probiotic bacteria could be considered for both prevention and treatment. Furthermore, the improvement in gut dysbiosis and intestinal leakage after probiotics consumption may reduce inflammatory biomarkers and avoid unnecessary activation of the immune system. Herein, we show probiotics may overcome the toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics and microplastics in humans, although some studies are required before any clinical recommendations can be made.

Sources, Degradation, Ingestion and Effects of Microplastics on Humans: A Review

“…Moreover, the multifaceted gut biota, consisting of probiotic, harmful, and harmless microbes with different metabolic and biochemical effects (amino acids, protein synthesis, and high mineral absorption efficiency), has been recognized as a microbial system Moreover, the multifaceted gut biota, consisting of probiotic, harmful, and harmless microbes with different metabolic and biochemical effects (amino acids, protein synthesis, and high mineral absorption efficiency), has been recognized as a microbial system [217,218]. However, according to Bazeli et al [219], the daily food ingestion exposure per person is about 583 ng; while small amounts are usually safe, excessive intake of external substances such as MPs or toxins can harm the body's cells and trigger an immune response [207]. Subsequently, the immune cells will phagocytose the beneficial bacteria, which may cause changes within the gut microbiome composition or the intestinal environment (such as the oxygen content, regular microflora activity, and metabolic activity).…”