Could polymerase chain reaction tests on conjunctival swabs be useful to diagnose herpetic keratitis?

Barrado, Laura; Suárez, Manuel; Pérez-Blázquez, Eugenio; Otero, Joaquín R.; Folgueira, Lola

doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2013.07.005

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The second worst sensitivity was indicated by a real-time singleplex PCR tested in an academic center by Barrado et al [28]. Here, a sensitivity of 77.8% using corneal scrapings was found [28]. All other values were above 90% (Multimedia Appendix 3; Figures 1 and 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…No study used culture-based method as their primary method; studies did use them as a comparison method (Table 1). In terms of disease state, 2 studies investigated patients with ocular disease [27,28], 1 for CNS infection [29], and the remainder for patients with suspected mucosal and/or cutaneous lesions (Table 1). Given the heterogeneous nature of the studies included within this review in terms of sample type, collection, and patient demographics, it was not possible to draw statistical inferences or perform a meta-analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study reported the lowest specificity of 82.6% using their ELIZA and PCR techniques. The second worst sensitivity was indicated by a real-time singleplex PCR tested in an academic center by Barrado et al [28]. Here, a sensitivity of 77.8% using corneal scrapings was found [28].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tools for the Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus 1/2: Systematic Review of Studies Published Between 2012 and 2018

Arshad

Alturkistani

Brindley

et al. 2019

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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Background Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 are common infections affecting the global population, with HSV-1 estimated to affect 67% of the global population. HSV can have rare but severe manifestations, such as encephalitis and neonatal herpes, necessitating the use of reliable and accurate diagnostic tools for the detection of the viruses. Currently used HSV diagnostic tools require highly specialized skills and availability of a laboratory setting but may lack sensitivity. The numerous recently developed HSV diagnostic tools need to be identified and compared in a systematic way to make the best decision about which diagnostic tool to use. The diagnosis of HSV is essential for prompt treatment with antivirals. To select the best test for a patient, knowledge of the performance and limitations of each test is critical. Objective This systematic review has summarized recent studies evaluating HSV-1 and HSV-2 diagnostic tools. Methods Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, selection criteria, data extraction, and data analysis were determined before the commencement of the study. Studies assessing the specificity/sensitivity of HSV-1 or HSV-2 diagnostic tools published between 2012 and 2018 were included. Quality assessment of included studies was performed using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS-2) tool. Results Searches of the PubMed database yielded 264 studies; 11 studies included 11 molecular assays, and 8 studies included 19 different serological assays for the detection of HSV-1, HSV-2, or both. A greater proportion of molecular assay–based tools are being developed by commercial entities. Studies that tested molecular assays mostly focused on cutaneous and mucosal HSV infections (n=13); 2 studies focused on ocular disease, whereas only 1 study focused on the central nervous system manifestations. The Simplexa HSV 1 & 2 Direct is currently the only Food and Drug Administration–approved device for use on cerebrospinal fluid. No tools focused on prenatal screening. We also present performance metrics of tests for benchmarking of future technology. Most of the included studies had a high risk of bias rating in half of the QUADAS-2 tool risk of bias domains. Conclusions The use of serologic tests to diagnose genital lesions is inappropriate because positive results may be due to chronic infection, whereas negative results may overlook recent infection. The incidence of acute infections is rising. As these infections present the greatest risk to fetuses, work needs to be done to prevent vertical transfer. Prenatal screening for primary infection and subsequent medical intervention will assist in lowering the rate of neonatal herpes. In conclusion, HSV diagnosis is moving away from culture-based methods to serology-based or polymerase chain reaction–based methods. Sensitive, rapid, and efficien...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tools for the Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus 1/2: Systematic Review of Studies Published Between 2012 and 2018

Arshad

Alturkistani

Brindley

et al. 2019

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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show abstract

“…A literature search found that viruses might be identi ed on the ocular surface through the analysis of conjunctival swabs or Schirmer strips. Most studies were on AdV [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] and HSV [21,25,28,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39], followed by SARS-CoV-2 [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. VZV [31][32][33], CMV [31,32,48], EBV [31,32], EBO [49,50], HPV [51] and Zika virus [52] have also been identi ed on the ocular surface, but there are still few studies on this topic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schirmer strip and conjunctival swab for viral detection on the ocular surface of adults: a scoping review

Sabage

Mazzo

Sabage

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Purpose During the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the biggest challenges is accurate diagnosis, and it is known that, in some cases, ocular manifestations are one of the first symptoms. In this context, this study has the objective of raising scientific evidence that highlights the use of Schirmer strips and conjunctival swabs as a method of sample collection for viral analysis to support future research on this theme. Methods A literature search was developed in the PubMed, Web of Science and BVS databases and followed the Scoping Review protocol defined by Joana Brigs Institute (JBI) after the guiding question “Is it possible to detect viruses on the ocular surface with Schirmer Test and/or conjunctival swab?”. Results A total of 418 studies were identified, and after discerning analysis, 36 studies published in English were selected. Three researchers analyzed studies after virus research, collection methods, and sample analysis. Publications were mainly on adenovirus, herpes simplex virus and SARS-CoV-2, but there is evidence of ocular detection on more viruses. Discussion Studies have generally been conducted to understand viral infection, to develop accurate diagnostic methods and to follow the patient’s response to treatment. Most studies were developed on a small number of patients and lacked clear definitions of collection time and viral persistence since the onset of diseases. Viruses can be detected on the ocular surface through the analysis of Schirmer strips and conjunctival swabs. However, additional studies with larger populations and time permanence are necessary to develop more assertive conclusions on the theme.

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“…The use of molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) allows early and conclusive diagnosis of infectious conjunctivitis, providing that appropriate therapy could be instituted (LOW et al, 2007;RUCH-GALLIE et al, 2011;SÁNCHEZ et al, 2012;BARRADO et al, 2014;FERNANDEZ et al, 2016). The management of infected cats within a multi-cat household situation requires appropriate separation of cats and routine hygiene practices for facilities and personnel also viral shedding may occur without clinical signs of conjunctivitis (MAGGS et al, 1999;CLARKE, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between clinical signs of feline conjunctivitis and molecular detection of felid herpesvirus-1, feline calicivirus, chlamydophila felis and mycoplasma felis in cats from shelters in Rio de Janeiro

Baumworcel

Soares

Silva

et al. 2017

Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.

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Correlation between clinical signs of feline conjunctivitis and molecular detection of felid herpesvirus-1, feline calicivirus, chlamydophila felis and mycoplasma felis in cats from shelters in Rio de JaneiroCorrelação entre sinais clínicos da conjuntivite felina e a detecção molecular de felid herpesvirus-1, feline calicivirus, chlamydophila felis e mycoplasma felis em gatos de abrigos no Rio de Janeiro

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Could polymerase chain reaction tests on conjunctival swabs be useful to diagnose herpetic keratitis?

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Tools for the Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus 1/2: Systematic Review of Studies Published Between 2012 and 2018

Tools for the Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus 1/2: Systematic Review of Studies Published Between 2012 and 2018

Schirmer strip and conjunctival swab for viral detection on the ocular surface of adults: a scoping review

Correlation between clinical signs of feline conjunctivitis and molecular detection of felid herpesvirus-1, feline calicivirus, chlamydophila felis and mycoplasma felis in cats from shelters in Rio de Janeiro

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