Could pesticide toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational risk assessment?*1

Ross, John H.; Driver, Jeffrey; Cochran, Roger C.; Thongsinthusak, Thomas; Krieger, Robert I.

doi:10.1016/s0003-4878(00)00095-8

Cited by 58 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…5) are in line with those previously reported and showing that dermal absorption is the primary route-of-entry for both mixers/loaders/applicators and re-entry workers in contact with pesticides (Gunther et al, 1977;Ritcey et al, 1987;Thongsinthusak et al, 1999;Ross et al, 2001;Geer et al, 2004). In particular, de Cock et al (1995) and Hansen et al (1978) found that respiratory exposure route to captan was minor compared to dermal absorption.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…However, depending on tasks and activities, workers are not exposed constantly or equally during a workday or a week. When feasible, it is thus preferable to obtain complete daily collections over several days to assess most accurately worker exposure, as suggested by some authors (Woollen, 1993;Thongsinthusak et al, 1999;Ross et al, 2001), instead of spot urine samples. This was also particularly evident from our results, showing that an overestimation or underestimation of exposure may be induced with punctual urines, as illustrated in Figs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…spraying and harvest activities) were also assessed in workers. However, according to some authors (Woollen, 1993;Thongsinthusak et al, 1999;Ross et al, 2001), to accurately estimate absorption, especially through the dermal route, the optimal sampling protocol would be to collect 24-h voids for 7 days in a worker performing different tasks during a workweek and thus subjected to various exposure scenarios.…”

Section: Captanmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Detailed Urinary Excretion Time Course Study of Captan and Folpet Biomarkers in Workers for the Estimation of Dose, Main Route-of-Entry and Most Appropriate Sampling and Analysis Strategies

Berthet¹,

Heredia-Ortiz²,

Vernez³

et al. 2012

Annals of Occupational Hygiene

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Captan and folpet are two fungicides largely used in agriculture, but biomonitoring data are mostly limited to measurements of captan metabolite concentrations in spot urine samples of workers, which complicate interpretation of results in terms of internal dose estimation, daily variations according to tasks performed, and most plausible routes of exposure. This study aimed at performing repeated biological measurements of exposure to captan and folpet in field workers (i) to better assess internal dose along with main routes-of-entry according to tasks and (ii) to establish most appropriate sampling and analysis strategies. The detailed urinary excretion time courses of specific and non-specific biomarkers of exposure to captan and folpet were established in tree farmers (n 5 2) and grape growers (n 5 3) over a typical workweek (seven consecutive days), including spraying and harvest activities. The impact of the expression of urinary measurements [excretion rate values adjusted or not for creatinine or cumulative amounts over given time periods (8, 12, and 24 h)] was evaluated. Absorbed doses and main routes-of-entry were then estimated from the 24-h cumulative urinary amounts through the use of a kinetic model. The time courses showed that exposure levels were higher during spraying than harvest activities. Model simulations also suggest a limited absorption in the studied workers and an exposure mostly through the dermal route. It further pointed out the advantage of expressing biomarker values in terms of body weight-adjusted amounts in repeated 24-h urine collections as compared to concentrations or excretion rates in spot samples, without the necessity for creatinine corrections.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Captanmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Detailed Urinary Excretion Time Course Study of Captan and Folpet Biomarkers in Workers for the Estimation of Dose, Main Route-of-Entry and Most Appropriate Sampling and Analysis Strategies

Berthet¹,

Heredia-Ortiz²,

Vernez³

et al. 2012

Annals of Occupational Hygiene

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“…3,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Pesticide applications to the home by a second party can result in both dermal and respiratory exposure. Other common routes of exposure to the general public include drinking water and dietary sources.…”

Section: Pesticide Exposures and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased cancer burden among pesticide applicators and others due to pesticide exposure

Alavanja

Ross

Bonner

2013

CA A Cancer J Clinicians

291

213

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A growing number of well-designed epidemiological and molecular studies provide substantial evidence that the pesticides used in agricultural, commercial, and home and garden applications are associated with excess cancer risk. This risk is associated both with those applying the pesticide and, under some conditions, those who are simply bystanders to the application. In this article, the epidemiological, molecular biology, and toxicological evidence emerging from recent literature assessing the link between specific pesticides and several cancers including prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and breast cancer are integrated. Although the review is not exhaustive in its scope or depth, the literature does strongly suggest that the public health problem is real. If we are to avoid the introduction of harmful chemicals into the environment in the future, the integrated efforts of molecular biology, pesticide toxicology, and epidemiology are needed to help identify the human carcinogens and thereby improve our understanding of human carcinogenicity and reduce cancer risk. CA Cancer J Clin 2013;63:120-142.

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“…Dermal absorption for 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T has been measured in humans or nonhuman primates at 5.7% and 0.6%, respectively (Newton and Norris, 1981;Ross et al, 2005). TCDD dermal penetration has only been measured in vivo in rats, but rats may overestimate human dermal absorption by an average of five-fold (Ross et al, 2001). Application of this average human/rat factor to TCDD dermal absorption for adult rats (22-40%; Anderson et al, 1993) yields estimates of absorption by humans similar to those observed for the phenoxy herbicides.…”

Section: Pesticide Exposure Assessment Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing exposure to allied ground troops in the Vietnam War: A comparison of AgDRIFT and Exposure Opportunity Index models

Ginevan¹,

Ross

Watkins³

2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The AgDRIFT aerial dispersion model is well validated and closely related to the AGDISP model developed by the USDA Forest Service to determine on-and off-target deposition and penetration of aerially applied pesticide through foliage of trees. The Exposure Opportunity Index (EOI) model was developed to estimate relative exposure of ground troops in Vietnam to aerially applied herbicides. We compared the output of the two models to determine whether their predictions were in substantial agreement, but found a total lack of concordance. While the AgDRIFT model estimated that ground-level deposition through foliage was reduced more than 20 orders of magnitude at less than 1 km from the flight line, the EOI model predicted deposition declines less than one order of magnitude 4 km from the flight line. Interestingly the EOI model predicts a four-fold variability in EOI on the flight line, where exposure should be essentially invariant because the spray apparatus is designed to apply herbicide at a constant rate. We believe that the EOI model cannot be used to provide individual exposure estimates for the purpose of conducting epidemiologic studies. Moreover, evaluation of the position data for both herbicide spray swaths and troop locations, together with the actual patterns of spray deposition predicted by the AgDRIFT model, suggests that precise individual-level exposure assessments for ground troops in Vietnam are impossible. However, we suggest that well-validated tools like AgDRIFT can be used to estimate exposure to groups of individuals.

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Could pesticide toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational risk assessment?*1

Cited by 58 publications

References 50 publications

A Detailed Urinary Excretion Time Course Study of Captan and Folpet Biomarkers in Workers for the Estimation of Dose, Main Route-of-Entry and Most Appropriate Sampling and Analysis Strategies

A Detailed Urinary Excretion Time Course Study of Captan and Folpet Biomarkers in Workers for the Estimation of Dose, Main Route-of-Entry and Most Appropriate Sampling and Analysis Strategies

Increased cancer burden among pesticide applicators and others due to pesticide exposure

Assessing exposure to allied ground troops in the Vietnam War: A comparison of AgDRIFT and Exposure Opportunity Index models

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