Could Naturally Occurring Coronaviral Diseases in Animals Serve as Models for COVID-19? A Review Focusing on the Bovine Model

Wensman, Jonas Johansson; Stokstad, Maria

doi:10.3390/pathogens9120991

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, the clinical respiratory tract infections show similarities [30]. Because of all these resemblances, BCoV has already been suggested and successfully employed as a SARS-CoV(-2) surrogate in many different applications [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

2021

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It has been proven that visible light with a wavelength of about 405 nm exhibits an antimicrobial effect on bacteria and fungi if the irradiation doses are high enough. Hence, the question arises as to whether this violet light would also be suitable to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses. Therefore, a high-intensity light source was developed and applied to irradiate bovine coronaviruses (BCoV), which are employed as SARS-CoV-2 surrogates for safety reasons. Irradiation is performed in virus solutions diluted with phosphate buffered saline and on steel surfaces. Significant virus reduction by several log levels was observed both in the liquid and on the surface within half an hour with average log reduction doses of 57.5 and 96 J/cm2, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that 405 nm irradiation has an antiviral effect on coronaviruses, but special attention should be paid to the presence of photosensitizers in the virus environment in future experiments. Technically, visible violet radiation is therefore suitable for coronavirus reduction, but the required radiation doses are difficult to achieve rapidly.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

2021

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“…In Italian goats, 6 out of 124 goats (4.83%) were antibody-positive in an ELISA [29]. In the titrations of serum samples using antibody ELISA, given that both SARS-CoV-2 and BCoV are members of the betacoronavirus genus and considering BCoV's close resemblance to the human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43 (betacoronavirus 1) [30], samples that yielded positive results for SARS-CoV-2 were subsequently tested for BCoV as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Korean Native Cattle and Korean Native Black Goats in Korea

Bae,

Yang,

Moon

et al. 2023

Animals

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The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the zoonotic SARS-CoV-2 virus. A wide range of animals that interact with humans have been investigated to identify potential infections. As the extent of infection became more apparent, extensive animal monitoring became necessary to assess their susceptibility. This study analyzed nasal swabs and blood samples collected from randomly selected Korean native cattle and Korean native black goats. The tests conducted included real-time qPCR to detect SARS-CoV-2 antigens, an ELISA to detect antibodies, and a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) to determine the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Among the 1798 animals tested (consisting of 1174 Korean native cattle and 624 Korean native black goats), SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was detected in one Korean native cattle and one Korean native black goat. ELISA testing revealed positive results for antibodies in 54 Korean native cattle (4.60%) and 16 Korean native black goats (2.56%), while PRNTs yielded positive results in 51 Korean native cattle (4.34%) and 14 Korean native black goats (2.24%). The presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigens and/or antibodies was identified in animals on farms where farmworkers were already infected. It is challenging to completely rule out the possibility of reverse zoonotic transmission from humans to livestock in Korea, although the transmission is not to the same extent as it is in highly susceptible animal species like minks, cats, and dogs. This is due to the limited geographical area and the dense, intensive farming practices implemented in these regions. In conclusion, continuous viral circulation between humans and animals is inevitable, necessitating ongoing animal monitoring to ensure public health and safety.

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“…Although cattle are potentially sensitive to SARS-CoV-2, this study aimed to determine the susceptibility of cows to active SARS-CoV-2 infection at a farm where there was a COVID-19 outbreak among the farmworkers. SARS-CoV-2 and BCoV are both betacoronaviruses, and BCoV is very similar to human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43 (Betacoronavirus 1) [ 22 ]. Thus, after the samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, they were also analysed for BCoV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Description of Serological Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 in Lactating Cows

Fiorito

Iovane

Pagnini

et al. 2022

Animals

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Following the COVID-19 epidemic outbreak in Ariano Irpino, Campania region (Italy), we tested lactating cows for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on a cattle farm at which, prior to the investigation, 13 of the 20 farmworkers showed COVID-19-like symptoms, and one of them died. Twenty-four lactating cows were sampled to detect SARS-CoV-2. All nasal and rectal swabs and milk samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Of the 24 collected serum samples, 11 showed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, 14 showed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and 13 developed neutralising antibodies for SARS-COV-2; all samples were negative for Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV), another betacoronavirus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in lactating cows. We hypothesise that this may be a case of reverse zoonosis. However, the role of cattle in SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission seems to be negligible.

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Could Naturally Occurring Coronaviral Diseases in Animals Serve as Models for COVID-19? A Review Focusing on the Bovine Model

Cited by 9 publications

References 62 publications

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

Demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Korean Native Cattle and Korean Native Black Goats in Korea

First Description of Serological Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 in Lactating Cows

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