Could information about herd immunity help us achieve herd immunity? Evidence from a population representative survey experiment

Arnesen, Sveinung; Bærøe, Kristine; Cappelen, Cornelius; Carlsen, Benedicte

doi:10.1177/1403494818770298

Cited by 27 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Focus is needed on research aiming at appropriate strategies, identification of challenges and approaches to acquire herd immunity along with development of vaccine. [ 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 ] Testing, treatment, tracing, teamwork and tracking with monitoring and surveillance are the tools to measure time required to acquire herd immunity to contain the COVID-19 pandemic and associated multifaceted implications in global and Indian context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical interpretative synthesis of herd immunity for COVID-19 pandemic

Garg

Singh

Deshmukh

et al. 2021

J Family Med Prim Care

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Introduction: Countries globally are evaluating the concept of herd immunity and its critical role in the control of pandemic. The current paper attempts to conduct a critical interpretative synthesis (CIS) on the role of herd immunity in current COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: CIS is tool for developing theoretical framework using interpretation drawn from relevant empirical and non-empirical sources. This review is done by formulating review question for literature search. Purposive sampling of literature was done followed by reciprocal translational analysis of extracted data. Results: Herd immunity is indirect protection from a contagious infectious disease when a population is immune either through vaccination or natural immunity developed through previous infection. The reproduction number for COVID-19 in India was found to be 2.56 and herd immunity threshold as 61%. Discussion: Exposing 71% young population in India to the SARS-CoV-2 infection can achieve herd immunity but with high morbidity as well as mortality. Vaccine are under process. Feco-oral transmission and reinfection of COVID 19 are major factors to develop or break the circle of herd immunity in community. “Immunity passport” can give false sense of security. Surveillance and seroprevalence studies assess immunity status, gradual exposure of infection to younger population and collaborative partnerships on organizations are few strategies to acquire herd immunity. Conclusion: Herd immunity is a measure for prevention and control of COVID-19 pandemic against the backdrop of mortality and morbidity. Vaccine can be boon but if herd immunity is to be acquired by natural infection then preparedness is necessary.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical interpretative synthesis of herd immunity for COVID-19 pandemic

Garg

Singh

Deshmukh

et al. 2021

J Family Med Prim Care

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“…The results suggested that a concern for others highly influences people's decision about whether or not to vaccinate. Thus, as emphasised earlier, it is reasonable to assume that highlighting the collective benefits of vaccination could increase immunisation coverage (Arnesen et al 2018).…”

Section: Herd Immunitymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…We believe the risk of mistrust should not be overstated. As mentioned above, evidence may suggest that highlighting the collective benefits of vaccination could increase immunisation coverage (Arnesen et al 2018).…”

Section: A Precautionary Strategymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This belief is based on Norwegian citizens' willingness to contribute to a well-functioning welfare state, including the healthcare system. On the other hand, evidence suggests that Norwegian adults who show less trust in the Norwegian health authorities are also less willing to get vaccinated (Arnesen et al 2018). What is more, we know that jurisdictions that force people to contribute to a public good are more successful in countries with significant concern for the protection of the common good (Salmon et al 2006).…”

Section: Mistrustmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mandatory childhood vaccination: Should Norway follow?

Gamlund¹,

Müller²,

Paquet³

et al. 2020

Etikk Praksis - Nord J Appl Ethics

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Systematic public vaccination constitutes a tremendous health success, perhaps the greatest achievement of biomedicine so far. There is, however, room for improvement. Each year, 1.5 million deaths could be avoided with enhanced immunisation coverage. In recent years, many countries have introduced mandatory childhood vaccination programmes in an attempt to avoid deaths. In Norway, however, the vaccination programme has remained voluntary. Our childhood immunisation programme covers protection for twelve infectious diseases, and Norwegian children are systematically immunised from six weeks to sixteen years of age. In this article, we address the question of whether our country, Norway, should make the childhood vaccination programme mandatory. This question has received considerable public attention in the media, yet surprisingly little academic discussion has followed. The aim of the article is to systematically discuss whether it is morally justified to introduce a mandatory childhood vaccination programme in Norway. Our discussion proceeds as follows: We begin by presenting relevant background information on the history of vaccines and the current Norwegian childhood vaccination programme. Next, we discuss what we consider to be the most central arguments against mandatory childhood vaccination: the argument from the standpoints of parental rights, bodily integrity, naturalness, mistrust, and immunisation coverage. After that, we examine the central arguments in favour of mandatory childhood vaccination from the standpoints of harm, herd immunity, and as a precautionary strategy. We conclude that there are convincing moral arguments in favour of adopting a policy of mandatory childhood vaccination in Norway. Keywords: autonomy, harm principle, herd immunity, parental rights, precautionary approach

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“…Although some research suggests that people's immunization decisions are primarily influenced by perceived benefits and harm at the individual level rather than those at the community level [7], other studies have suggested that improving the understanding of community immunity may lead to an increase in the intention to be vaccinated [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Web Application About Herd Immunity Using Personalized Avatars: Development Study (Preprint)

Hakim¹,

Bettinger²,

Chambers³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BACKGROUND Background: ‘Herd immunity’ or ‘community immunity’ refers to the reduced risk of infection among susceptible individuals in a population through the presence and proximity of immune individuals. Recent studies suggest that improving understanding of community immunity may increase intentions to get vaccinated. OBJECTIVE Objective: We aimed to design a web application about community immunity and optimize it based on viewers’ cognitive and emotional responses. METHODS Methods: Our multidisciplinary team developed a web application about community immunity to communicate epidemiological evidence in a personalized way. In our application, people build their own community by creating an avatar representing themselves and 8 other avatars representing people around them; for example, their family or coworkers. The application integrates these avatars in a 2-minute visualization showing how different parameters (e.g., vaccine coverage, contact within communities) influence community immunity. We predefined communication goals, created prototype visualizations, and tested four iterative versions of our visualization in a university-based human-computer interaction laboratory and community-based settings (a cafeteria, two shopping malls, a public library.) Data included psychophysiological measures (eye tracking, galvanic skin response, facial emotion recognition, electroencephalogram) to assess participants’ cognitive and affective (emotional) responses to the visualization, and verbal reports to assess their interpretations of the visualization’s content and messaging. RESULTS Results and analysis: Participants across all four cycles (N=110 in total) were 62% women and 35% men (4% not reported), with mean age 38 years (SD 17). Fifty-nine percent of participants reported having a university-level education. Iterative changes across the cycles included adding the ability for users to create their own avatars, specific signals about who was represented by the different avatars, using colour and movement to indicate protection or lack of protection from infectious disease, and changes to terminology to ensure clarity for people with varying educational backgrounds. Overall, we observed 3 generalizable findings. First, visualization does indeed appear to be a promising medium for conveying what community immunity is and how it works. Second, by involving multiple users in an iterative design process, it is possible to create a short and simple visualization that clearly conveys a complex topic. Third and finally, evaluating users’ emotional responses during the design process, in addition to their cognitive responses, offers insights and findings that help inform the final design of an intervention. CONCLUSIONS Conclusions: Visualizations with personalized avatars may help people understand their individual roles in population health. Our application showed promise as a method of communicating the relationship between individual behaviour and community health. Next steps will include assessing the effects of the application on risk perception, knowledge, and vaccination intentions in a randomized controlled trial. This study offers a potential roadmap for designing health communication materials for complex topics such as community immunity.

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Could information about herd immunity help us achieve herd immunity? Evidence from a population representative survey experiment

Abstract: Our results suggest that people's decision about whether to vaccinate and thus contribute to herd immunity is influenced by concern for others. Thus, stressing the collective benefits of vaccination could increase the effectiveness of health campaigns.

Cited by 27 publications

References 20 publications

Critical interpretative synthesis of herd immunity for COVID-19 pandemic

Critical interpretative synthesis of herd immunity for COVID-19 pandemic

Mandatory childhood vaccination: Should Norway follow?

A Web Application About Herd Immunity Using Personalized Avatars: Development Study (Preprint)

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