Cottonseed Meal for Poultry: from Research to Practical Application

Phelps, R. A.

doi:10.1079/wps19660016

Cited by 72 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 138 publications

(182 reference statements)

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“…FG may result in yolk discoloration based on a chemical combination of gossypol with ferric iron (Fe +3 ) released from yolk proteins (Kemmerer et al, 1966). This effect is more pronounced in stored eggs (Phelps, 1966). In this study, yolk discoloration was not observed even in the highest FG concentration (28.35 mg/kg) in the LCSM 100 and FG groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Application of low-gossypol cottonseed meal in laying hens’ diet

He¹,

Zhang²,

Wang³

et al. 2015

Poultry Science

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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the application of dietary low-gossypol cottonseed meal (LCSM) in layers' diets. A total of 432 40-weekold Hy-line W36 laying hens were allocated to one of the six dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 12 birds each. The control group was fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet, and the 4 experimental diets consisted of a basal diet with 50, 98.3, 144.2, or 189 g/kg LCSM, respectively (correspondingly 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% dietary protein provided by soybean meal were replaced by LCSM). The sixth group was fed a basal diet supplemented with free gossypol (FG group). The feeding trial lasted for 12 weeks. The results showed that no significant difference was observed on egg production or feed conversion ratio (FCR, feed/egg, g/g) among all groups, but feed intake and egg weight were significantly decreased in the 189 g/kg LCSM group in weeks 46 to 51 (P < 0.05). A significant decrease was not observed in shell strength, shell thickness, and yolk color in all periods, but Haugh unit, albumen height, and egg white protein content were reduced in 189 g/kg LCSM group in weeks 46 to 51 (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the control and FG group. There was no obvious difference on plasma levels of total protein, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and activities of albumen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and the histopathology of liver, kidney, and oviduct in all groups. In conclusion, decreasing feed intake, egg weight, and egg quality were observed in the 189 g/kg LCSM group. However, the adverse effect was not relevant to the presence of FG in LCSM. Dietary LCSM supplementation of 98.3 g/kg was recommended with optimum FCR and without adverse effect on egg production, quality, and health of layers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Application of low-gossypol cottonseed meal in laying hens’ diet

He¹,

Zhang²,

Wang³

et al. 2015

Poultry Science

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“…These two types of meals comprise about 70% of the U.S. cottonseed supply and usually contain 100-700 p.p.m. free gossypol (Phelps, 1966). The analysis of these meals are shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent research, reviewed by Phelps (1966) has demonstrated that at least a portion of the poor results associated with feeding cottonseed meal could be attributed to a lysine deficiency or to the presence of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Recognition of these factors, coupled with improved processing techniques, has made possible the utilization of a greater percentage of cottonseed meal in layer diets.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Tolerance Levels of Free Gossypol in Layer Diets as Influenced by Iron: Gossypol Ratios

Waldeoup

Goodner

1973

Poultry Science

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Studies were conducted with commercial egg production-type hens to attempt to more closely define the levels of gossypol which could be acceptable and to determine the effectiveness of iron salts in reducing or eliminating the gossypol-induced olive yolk discoloration over a wide range of gossypol levels.Rate of egg production, egg weight, interior egg quality and feed intake were not significantly depressed at dietary free gossypol levels up to 200 p.p.m. However, dietary levels greater than SO p.p.m. produced an increasing number of objectionable olive colored yolks. The addition of ferrous sulfate at 4:1 and 8:1 iron: gossypol ratios were fairly effective in eliminating the number of objectionable eggs up to 100 p.p.m. free gossypol but less effective at higher gossypol levels. ABSTRACTChicken pieces, which had been breaded and precooked under pressure in corn oil and frozen, were reheated in a microwave oven and evaluated for acceptability. The pieces were dipped in an egg wash, breaded, browned and cooked at 1.05 Kg./cm. 2 for 9.S min. Cooked pieces were frozen using air blast (-37°C), nitrogen (-57°C.) or Freon®-12 (-43°C.), packaged in polyethylene bags and stored at -18°C. for periods up to six months. Some samples were subjected to fluctuating storage temperatures. After storage, the chicken was reheated for l.S to 2.0 min. per piece or 1 min. per 100 g. and evaluated by a taste panel.Microwave energy provided a rapid method for thawing and reheating precooked and frozen chicken. Optimum reheating time for the oven used was 1 min. per 100 g. product. Products remained acceptable for more than four months when stored under constant -18°C. temperatures.Rapid freezing rates (nitrogen vapor, Freon®-12) did not increase acceptability of product over that frozen in air at -37°C.

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“…The effects of dietary free gossypol on egg yolk discoloration and on laying hen performance have been reviewed by Phelps (1966) and by Waldroup (1981). The two factors that limit CSM use in laying hen diets are free gossypol level and the presence of cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) in the residual oil (Phelps et al, 1965).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Isopropanol-Extracted Cottonseed Meal for Laying Hens

1987

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An isopropanol (IPA)-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) was evaluated in comparison with a regular CSM and soybean meal over 12 months with laying hens. Each CSM was fed at 5, 10, and 15% of the diet. Egg production rates comparable to those of birds fed the soybean meal basal diet were obtained with both meals at dietary levels up to 15%. Egg weight was significantly reduced by all regular CSM treatments, but IPA-CSM had no effect on egg weight in comparison with the basal diet. Egg mass (grams of egg/hen per day) was not adversely affected by either CSM.Even though the nitrogen solubility index (NSI) of IPA-CSM (12.88%) was considerably lower than that of regular CSM (51.15%), true lysine availabilities were 87.3% for IPA-CSM and 83.2% for CSM. True dry matter digestibilities (77.9% for IPA-CSM and 73.6% for regular CSM) also suggest that the NSI method underestimated the nutritive value of IPA-CSM.True metabolizable energy content of IPA-CSM determined with laying hens was 3.12 kcal/g and slightly higher than the 2.76 kcal/g determined for regular CSM.Neither CSM produced objectionable yolk discolorations upon storage (56 days at 7.2 C). Although slightly discolored yolks appeared in 28.2% of stored eggs from hens fed 15% regular CSM (101.5 ppm free gossypol) and only 2.6% occurred when 15% IPA-CSM added 3.0 ppm free gossypol to the diet, these were scored less than 2 and would not be objectionable in commerical channels.The proportion of yolk saturated fatty acids increased significantly with 15% regular CSM (.105% dietary residual oil) from 28.6% for the basal diet to 44.0%; whereas 15% IPA-CSM, supplying .023% residual oil, resulted in a nonsignificant increase to 35.1%. (Key words: cottonseed meal, interior egg quality, gossypol, and laying hens)

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Cottonseed Meal for Poultry: from Research to Practical Application

Cited by 72 publications

References 138 publications

Application of low-gossypol cottonseed meal in laying hens’ diet

Application of low-gossypol cottonseed meal in laying hens’ diet

Tolerance Levels of Free Gossypol in Layer Diets as Influenced by Iron: Gossypol Ratios

Evaluation of Isopropanol-Extracted Cottonseed Meal for Laying Hens

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