Cotton-assisted combustion synthesis of Fe3O4/C composites as excellent anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Utilizing Waste Thermocol Sheets and Rusted Iron Wires to Fabricate Carbon–Fe3O4 Nanocomposite‐Based Supercapacitors: Turning Wastes into Value‐Added Materials

“…[30] The last weight loss of 1.87 %w ithin 350-550 8Cshould correspond to the decomposition of carbonaceous matter. [32] The XRD pattern is agreementw ith JCPDS card no. [32] The XRD pattern is agreementw ith JCPDS card no.…”

“…[31] In particular,b ands above 600 cm À1 (606 and 664 cm À1 )c orrespond to the vibrations of Fe 2 + ÀO( FeO 4 units)i nt etrahedral sites, which have 2A 1g symmetry. [32] The differencei nt he carbon Raman bands of the pure carbon and CÀFe 3 O 4 composite is because of double carbonization. [31] This also proves the presence of carbon, which typicallyh as Da nd Gb ands at 1351 and 1598 cm À1 ,r espectively,w ith the matter attributed to amorphousc arbon.…”

“…[32] The differencei nt he carbon Raman bands of the pure carbon and CÀFe 3 O 4 composite is because of double carbonization. [32] The HRTEMi mage of Fe 3 O 4 (Figure 2f-ii)s hows lattice fringes, with an interplanar distance 2.56 ,c orrespondingt ot he (311) plane of the cubic spinelp hase. During synthesis of the composite, the CÀ FeÀOH composite wasa nnealed at 500 8Cf or 5h.T he annealing treatment resulted in the new amorphous carbon band at 1298 cm À1 ,a tw hich typical Da nd Gb ands of carbon significantly overlap.…”

“…[30] Furthermore, aw eightl oss of 2.5 %within 150-350 8Cisdue to the decomposition of organic matter and ammonium complexes. [31] The carbon (3.87 %) and [32] There is no significant peak of graphitic carbon at 2q = 25.58 in the CÀ Fe 3 O 4 composite, which indicates the primary amorphous disordered structure of the carbon microparticles. [31] The carbon (3.87 %) and [32] There is no significant peak of graphitic carbon at 2q = 25.58 in the CÀ Fe 3 O 4 composite, which indicates the primary amorphous disordered structure of the carbon microparticles.…”

“…Initially,p ure carbon was obtained from the carbonization of partially oxidized carbon, with KOH as an activating agent at 800 8Cf or 1h.T his resulted in amorphous carbon, whichw as further used for the synthesis of the CÀFe 3 O 4 composite. [32] The SAED pattern ( Figure 2g)e xhibits as et of diffraction rings with some scattered dots;t his is indicative of the crystalline nature, but with the long-range disorder of Fe 3 O 4 .T he diffractionr ings can be readily indexed to the (111), (220), (311), (400), (422), and (511) planes of the spinel cubic Fe 3 O 4 ,w hicha re in good agreementw ith the XRD results (Figure 2b). [31] Figure 2d and eshows the low-magnificationT EM images of the CÀFe 3 O 4 composite, and Figure 2f,f -i, and f-ii shows the HRTEMi mages.…”