Costs and benefits of plant allelochemicals in herbivore diet in a multi enemy world

Reudler, Joanneke H.; Lindstedt, Carita; Pakkanen, Hannu; Lehtinen, Inkeri; Mappes, Johanna

doi:10.1007/s00442-015-3425-0

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…First, defensive chemicals are often costly to obtain and maintain (Bowers 1992a;Strauss et al 2002;Ruxton et al 2004;Lindstedt et al 2010;Karban 2011;Reudler et al 2015). Biosynthesis has obvious metabolic costs, but even dietary acquisition of toxins in animals can impose costs including movement of toxins across the gut, the prevention of auto-toxicity (where the consumer is poisoned by the toxin it has ingested), and the maintenance of storage organs (Bowers 1992a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameterising a public good: how experiments on predation can be used to predict cheat frequencies

2016

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Chemical defence is superficially easy to understand as a means for individuals to protect themselves from enemies. The evolution of chemical defence is however potentially complex because such defences may cause the generation of a public good, protecting members of the population as a whole as well as individuals that deploy toxins defensively. If a public good of protection exists, it may be exploited and degraded by ''cheats'' that do not invest in defence. This can in turn lead to complex frequency (and density) dependent effects in toxin evolution. To investigate this we used ecologically relevant predators (Great tits, Parus major) and examined how individual and public benefits vary depending on the frequency of non-defended ''cheating'' prey and their spatial distribution. We found that the public benefit, of reduced attack probability, increased with increasing frequency of defended individuals. In contrast the individual benefit of chemical defence, measured as increased chance of rejection during an attack before injury, did not vary with the frequency of defended forms. Hence the selective dynamics of these two levels of benefits responded differently to the frequency of defended forms. Surprisingly, given the strong associations of chemical defences and grouping in animals, large aggregations did not help individuals in the group regardless of their defence status. The explanation for the result, may be that in our experiment birds did not have information about other potential aggregations (i.e. set up was sequential) and thus their giving up density was lower compared to the situations where set ups were simultaneous. We use behavioural data of our predators to construct a simple model of toxin evolution which can make quantitative predictions about the frequencies to which defence cheats evolve. We use this model to discuss how toxin evolution can be investigated in the wild and in laboratory settings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameterising a public good: how experiments on predation can be used to predict cheat frequencies

2016

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“…Herbivore populations can be regulated through the action of their natural enemies (top–down effect) and also through bottom–up factors, by altering plant quality (Chaplin‐Kramer et al., ; Reudler et al., ). Many plants produce secondary metabolites that can be harmful to herbivorous insects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A plant's allelochemicals may influence, directly and indirectly, a predator's performancedirectly, through the presence of physical structures such as trichomes exuding chemicals (Bottega et al, 2017) or through the uptake of nutrients and water from the plant (De Clercq & Degheele, 1992;Wiedenmann et al, 1996;De Clercq et al, 2000), or indirectly, through their prey, which may sequester these plant compounds and use them against natural enemies (Weiser & Stamp, 1998;Chaplin-Kramer et al, 2011;Reudler et al, 2015). Once ingested by herbivorous insects, a sequestered substance may be reabsorbed by the intestinal membrane, transported to the hemolymph, and deposited in various body parts, becoming toxic or unpalatable to its natural enemies (Nishida, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant allelochemicals may affect natural enemies if the herbivore appropriates these compounds, or if these compounds affect the quality of the herbivore, impairing the growth and development of its natural enemy (Sznajder & Harvey, 2003;Greeney et al, 2012;Reudler et al, 2015). Thyrinteina arnobia is considered one of the main defoliator pests of eucalyptus forests, due to its periodic outbreaks and damage caused to plantations (Santos et al, 1996;Garlet et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response to these plants' defense mechanisms, however, insects can evolve to overcome them (Mauricio & Rausher, 1997). Many herbivorous insects are specialist feeders on plants with secondary compounds (e.g., tannins and phenols) and can use these compounds to make themselves repulsive and toxic to natural enemies (Trigo, 2000;Nishida, 2002;Reudler et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Host plant and the predator Podisus nigrispinus: when the defense compounds of the plant affect the third trophic level

Holtz

Marinho-Prado

Pallini

et al. 2019

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Many herbivorous insects can overcome chemical plant defenses, using the plant's defensive products for their own good, as a defense against predators. Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae), recently introduced in Brazil, are rich in secondary compounds; however, there are reports that these plants have been suffering from population outbreaks of defoliating Lepidoptera in Brazil. The predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) has been used against herbivorous insects in eucalyptus plantations, but little is known about its establishment in the field. This study aims to investigate whether the effectiveness of this predator may be affected indirectly by compounds of eucalyptus plants, when compared to guava, Psidium guajava L., a Brazilian native species of Myrtaceae. Thus, we evaluated the performance of P. nigrispinus on larvae of Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) reared on eucalyptus (exotic species) or guava plants (native species). Podisus nigrispinus performance (reproduction and survival) was better on larvae fed on guava than on larvae fed on eucalyptus. It is possible that the negative effect on the predator's development occurred because of the plants’ secondary compounds appropriated by caterpillars, due to the short coevolutionary history between eucalyptus and the predator. The data suggest that the chemical compounds that could help the plant's defenses against herbivores may also affect their natural enemies, especially when the interaction between plant and natural enemy involves an exotic plant recently introduced into the insect's habitat.

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Dietary cardenolides enhance growth and change the direction of the fecundity‐longevity trade‐off in milkweed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae)

Pokharel

Steppuhn

Petschenka

2021

Ecology and Evolution

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Costs and benefits of plant allelochemicals in herbivore diet in a multi enemy world

Cited by 34 publications

References 74 publications

Parameterising a public good: how experiments on predation can be used to predict cheat frequencies

Parameterising a public good: how experiments on predation can be used to predict cheat frequencies

Host plant and the predator Podisus nigrispinus: when the defense compounds of the plant affect the third trophic level

Dietary cardenolides enhance growth and change the direction of the fecundity‐longevity trade‐off in milkweed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae)

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