Cost Optimization in Designing Modern Cryogenic Complexes of Large Superconductor Systems

Abstract

An integrated method for enhancing energy efficiency of modern large-scale cryogenic complexes (annual energy consumption more than 100 GWh) that allow operation of superconducting magnets of particle accelerators is analyzed. Two conventional loops, namely, "cold" and "warm" (compressor), with subsequent separate optimization of each loop, are marked out in the cryogenic complex cycle. Separate optimization helps simplify the choice of optimal cycle pressure as well as the choice of the most efficient helium vapor evacuation for providing the required cryogenic temperature of 2 K.The phenomenon of complete loss of electrical resistance of metals at low temperatures, discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911, is currently used widely in many areas of science and technology. For instance, development of high-energy physics is inseparably linked with the introduction of modern physical instruments developed with application of superconductors. Superconducting magnets and resonator structures of superconductor particle accelerators are used in modern designs of charged-particle accelerators [1].At the current stage of development of devices for cryostatting large superconductor systems, enhancing energy efficiency is a pressing issue. For instance, the annual power consumption of the currently largest cryogenic system of CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2010-2012 did not drop below 230 GWh and was more than one-third of the total electric power consumed by all the systems of the LHC [2][3][4]. This index clearly shows the high energy capacity of modern cryogenic systems of large charged-particle accelerator complexes and makes it essential to enhance energy efficiency of such installations. Methods of Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Cryogenic SystemsAt the current level of development of engineering and technology, energy efficiency of cryogenic systems is achieved primarily by deep optimization of cryogenic cycles, in which case modernization of individual components (heat exchangers, turboexpanders, etc.) do not exert much influence on the overall efficiency [5].

Method of type-C liquified natural gas tank modeling based on volume optimization for future "milk-run" exploitation

“…Graph from the Fig. 2 repeats the pattern for selfpressurized cryogenic reservoirs from the book [16].…”

Selection of the optimal air liquefaction cycle for liquid air energy storage

“…The following cycles were considered in the Hysys program: the Linde-Hampson cycle, the Gayland cycle, the Collins cycle, the Claude cycle, and the VD cycle with 2 expanders [3]. The criterion for optimizing the cycles is the maximum value of the recovery factor [4]. The results of the calculations are presented in Table 1, and their schemes in the Hysys program are also presented in Annex A.…”