Cost of transformer losses

Abstract

The following paper is an investigation of the losses produced in a system by the distributing transformers, with a view to determining the cost to the central station of supplying these losses. The cost of the losses occurring in a transformer is of the same order of magnitude as the cost of the transformer itself and should, therefore, receive the same amount of considera tion. If a transformer had a perfect magnetic (iron) circuit and a perfect electric (copper) circuit, no losses would be pro duced if it were placed on a system. Hence the losses which do actually occur come into two general divisions, viz.: (1) Losses due to imperfect iron, and (2) Losses due to imperfect copper.The expense involved may be divided as follows: 1. Elements due to imperfect iron. (a) Iron loss, involving: (A) Consumption of energy in transformer. (B) Station and line capacity to take care of such energy. (b) Magnetizing current, involving: (A) Copper loss in generator and line. (B) Generator and line capacity to take care of this magnetizing current. 2. Elements due to imperfect copper. (a) Copper loss, involving: (A) Consumption of energy in transformer. (B) Station and line capacity to take care of such energy. (b) Fluctuating secondary voltage, causing shortening of life of lamps, and perhaps dissatisfaction to consumers.

Energy Losses Estimation in Power Distribution Systems

“…Reference [9] presented an analysis of the cost of transformer losses. They computed cooper losses considering the load variations using the equivalent hours, which was defined as the number of hours that would be required at full load to give the same cooper loss as the load actually existing.…”

“…Calling the load variation term of (8) the "loss coefficient" (LSC), we have (9) Using (9) in (8), we obtain (10) Note that the LSC represents the energy losses divided by the losses that would occur if the load over the entire planning period were the average load. Another interpretation of the LSC is that it represents the average power losses divided by the power losses at the average load.…”