Cost of Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Findings from a Lower-Middle Income Country

Butt, Muhammad Daoud; Ong, Siew Chin; Wahab, Muhammad Umar; Rasool, Muhammad Fawad; Saleem, Fahad; Hashmi, Adnan; Sajjad, Ahsan; Chaudhry, Furqan Aslam; Babar, Zaheer‐Ud‐Din

doi:10.3390/ijerph191912611

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Among these included studies three studies were conducted in Sudan. [21][22][23] The remaining were completed in Pakistan, 19,24 Iran, 20,25 and Saudi Arabia 16,18 (two studies in each country), and one study was conducted in the UAE. 17 Only three studies calculated the overall cost of DM, including direct and indirect costs, 19,24,25 while the remaining calculated only the direct medical cost of DM.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of the Economic Burden of Diabetes in Eastern Mediterranean Region Countries

Arshad,

Alqahtani,

Rasool

2024

DMSO

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Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent non-communicable disease with high mortality and morbidity, which imposes a significant financial impact on individuals and the healthcare system. The identification of various cost components through cost of illness analysis could be helpful in health-care policymaking. The current systematic review aims to summarize the economic burden of DM in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries. The original studies published in the English language between January 2010 and June 2023 reported the cost of DM was identified by searching four different databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane Central). Two reviewers independently screened the search results and extracted the data according to a predefined format, whereas the third reviewer's opinion was sought to resolve any discrepancies. The costs of DM reported in the included studies were converted to USD dates reported in the studies. After the systematic search and screening process, only 10 articles from EMR countries met the eligibility criteria to be included in the study. There are substantial variations in the reported costs of DM and the methodologies used in the included studies. The mean annual cost per patient of DM (both direct and indirect cost) ranged from 555.20 USD to 1707.40 USD. The average annual direct cost ranged from 155.8 USD to 5200 USD and indirect cost ranged from 93.65 USD to 864.8 USD per patient. The studies included in the review obtained a median score of 8.65 (6.5 ─ 11.5) on the quality assessment tool based on Alison's checklist for evaluation of cost of illness studies. There is a significant economic burden associated with DM, which directly affects the patients and healthcare system. Future research should focus on refining cost estimation methodologies, improving the understanding of study findings, and making it easier to compare studies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of the Economic Burden of Diabetes in Eastern Mediterranean Region Countries

Arshad,

Alqahtani,

Rasool

2024

DMSO

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“…The direct costs of managing diabetes, including medication, hospitalisation and outpatient care, are substantial. Indirect costs associated with diminished productivity and disability also contribute to the economic impact 5 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indirect costs associated with diminished productivity and disability also contribute to the economic impact. 5 However, diabetes mellitus is not just a metabolic disorder; it is also a significant risk factor for several complications and diseases, with cardiovascular disease, including stroke, coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease, being the common diabetes complications. 6 Hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension all contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis observed in diabetics, which increases their risk for myocardial infarctions, strokes and other cardiovascular events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of risk factors of infection in diabetic foot patients

Hsu,

Li,

Poon

2023

International Wound Journal

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This cross‐sectional study assessed the risk factors for infection in 150 diabetic foot patients admitted to the Xiamen University Hospital between October 2020 and October 2022. Patients were categorised as infected (n = 80) or uninfected (n = 70) cohorts. The diabetic foot was evaluated using the American Diabetic Foot Grading system, whereas ulcers were categorised using Wagner's method. Analysed were patient‐specific information, clinical data and risk factors including neuropathy, arterial disease and foot deformities. Our findings revealed no statistically significant differences between infected and uninfected cohorts concerning age, body mass index, gender, duration of diabetes or ankle‐brachial index values (p > 0.05). However, infected group had a higher proportion of smokers and reduced socio‐economic status (p < 0.05). Wagner grades indicated a greater severity in the infected group, with grade 3, grade 4 and grade 5 differing significantly (p < 0.05). Comparative analysis of ulcer characteristics revealed no statistically significant differences in ulcer surface area and depth, but the infected group had a higher prevalence of osteomyelitis and a greater number of ulcers (p > 0.05). Blood vessel complications, retinopathy, the presence of three or more ulcers, osteomyelitis and diabetic nephropathy were substantially more prevalent in the infected group, as determined by univariate analysis (p < 0.05). Subsequent multivariate logistic analysis revealed that patients with blood vessel complications, retinopathy, osteomyelitis, diabetic nephropathy and three or more ulcers were at increased risk for infection (p < 0.05). In addition, lifestyle factors, such as smoking, sedentary behaviour, inadequate foot hygiene, obesity and poor glycaemic control, were also associated with higher infection rates. A multivariate analysis of foot wound factors revealed that deeper, longer and recurrent lesions increased the likelihood of infection. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated bacterium from the infected group's bacterial culture, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The study enhanced our comprehension of the multifactorial risk factors associated with infections in diabetic foot patients, highlighting the need for thorough clinical evaluation, lifestyle modification and vigilant infection control.

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“…1 In accordance to the International Diabetic Foundation, around 537 million individuals possess diabetes, and it is anticipated that this number will climb to 643 million in the year 2030. 2,3 Additionally, it has been observed that the individuals with a age range of 39 and 70 years old who living in the lower income nations have a high risk of developing diabetes. There was seems to be the 6.9% of individuals in Pakistan those having diabetes, and it is estimated that such frequency will rise to approximately 8.2% in the year 2040.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There was seems to be the 6.9% of individuals in Pakistan those having diabetes, and it is estimated that such frequency will rise to approximately 8.2% in the year 2040. 2,4,5 Prior studies has looked for a correlation between the levels of glucose in the blood and the characteristics of the serum lipid profile. 6 According to the evidence of recent studies, the factor of body fat most directly responsible for the rising incidence of such a disease is one of the body composition factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Profile Abnormalities among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type II, Presented at Tertiary Care Hospital

Memon¹,

Rani²,

Rajkumar³

et al. 2022

PJMHS

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Objective: To determine the lipid profile abnormalities among diabetes patients presented at tertiary care Hospital. Methods: This cross-sectionals study was done at medicine out patient’s department (OPD) at Muhammad Medical College Mirpur-Khas, from September 2020 to September 2021. Patients of type II diabetes mellitus, presented at medicine OPD, aged more than 40 years, diabetes duration more than three years and both genders were included. A five ml blood sample was obtained in fasting from each case and sent to the Hospital laboratory to assess the HbA1c and lipid profile. All the data was collected via a structured study proforma, and the analysis was done using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: In this study, 67 known diabetic patients were studied to observe the frequency of lipid profile abnormalities. Patient’s mean age was 51.64+10.32 years, mean BMI was 25.20+3.23 kg/m2 and mean Hba1c was 7.84+2.94%. Males were in majority 61.2% and females were 38.8%. Out of all 56.7% patients had lipid profile abnormalities. There was a positive correlation between hba1c and triglyceride level and a significant positive correlation between hba1c and total cholesterol level (r = 0.431, p = 0.001). Frequency of lipid profile abnormalities was statistically insignificant according to gender and duration of disease (p=>0.05). Conclusion: Lipid profile abnormalities were observed to be highly frequent among patients with type II diabetes mellitus. The early identification and treatment of dyslipidemia in individuals with DM seems to be a significant aspect of lowering the risk of DM-related morbidity and mortality. Keywords: Diabetes type II, lipid profile, Hba1c

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Cost of Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Findings from a Lower-Middle Income Country

Cited by 22 publications

References 39 publications

A Systematic Review of the Economic Burden of Diabetes in Eastern Mediterranean Region Countries

A Systematic Review of the Economic Burden of Diabetes in Eastern Mediterranean Region Countries

Analysis of risk factors of infection in diabetic foot patients

Lipid Profile Abnormalities among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type II, Presented at Tertiary Care Hospital

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