“…To our knowledge, we are the first to analyze competition in the clearing and settlement industry using the PR model, Lerner index, and Boone indicator, which have frequently been applied in the banking literature (Angelini and Cetorelli, 2003;Bikker, Spierdijk, and Finnie, 2006;. Previous studies provide empirical evidence on the existence of economies of scale, relative efficiency, and technological development in clearing and settlement and in stock exchange markets (Hasan and Malkamäki, 2001;Schmiedel, 2001;Hasan et al, 2003;Hasan and Schmiedel, 2004;Hasan, Schmiedel, and Song, 2012a;Van Cayseele and Wuyts, 2007). 42 We analyze the competitive environment and the factors that affect competition in the clearing and settlement industry.…”