Cost effectiveness of mammography screening for Chinese women

Abstract

Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) was treated with a low‐temperature cascade arc plasma torch (LTCAT) of argon with or without adding a reactive gas of oxygen or water vapor. The static sessile droplet method and the dynamic Wilhelmy balance method were employed to perform surface contact angle measurement in order to investigate and characterize the effects of LTCAT treatment on LDPE surfaces. These treatment effects included changes in surface wettability and surface stability and possible surface damage that would create low‐molecular‐weight oligomers on the treated surface. Experimental results indicated that the combination of static and dynamic surface contact angle measurements enabled a comprehensive investigation of these effects of plasma treatment on a polymer surface. Without the addition of a reactive gas, a 2‐s argon LTCAT treatment of LDPE resulted in a stable hydrophilic surface (with a water contact angle of 40°) and little surface damage. The addition of oxygen into argon LTCAT produced a less stable LDPE surface and showed more surface damage. Adding H2O vapor into argon LTCAT produced an extremely hydrophilic surface (with a water contact angle < 20°) of LDPE but with pronounced surface damage. When compared with conventional radio frequency (13.56 MHz) plasmas, LTCAT treatment provides a much more rapid, effective, and efficient method of surface modification of LDPE. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 2528–2541, 2006

Breast Cancer: Knowledge and Perceptions of Chinese Women in Hong Kong

“…There are also doubts in the cost-effectiveness of this preventive intervention. The study by Wong et al (2007) indicated that mammography for Hong Kong women might not be cost effective under the current scarce public health resources. Since mammogram screening is a low priority in public health care and is not recommended to the general female population, most women are unaware of its actual benefits.…”

Custo-efetividade de um programa de rastreamento organizado de câncer de mama no Sul do Brasil

“…Tendo em vista o custo significativo da implementação de programas de rastreamento mamográfico, vários países avaliaram a custoefetividade dos mesmos, encontrando resultados heterogêneos dependendo dos pressupostos e parâmetros incluídos nos modelos econô-micos 6,7,8 . No Brasil, apenas um estudo publicado até agora avaliou o custo-efetividade do rastreamento mamográfico, porém comparando cenários de 100% e 0% de adesão ao rastreamento 9 -ambos pouco plausíveis.…”

Societal costs and effects of implementing population-based mammography screening in Greenland

“…[24] of the Swiss population-based breast cancer screening programme found a cost effectiveness ratio of 11,500 Euro per YLS and a retrospective study of the American programme estimated the costs to be 24,700 Euro per QALY gained [25]. In China, an estimate of CE- and CU-ratios of ~ 58,900 Euro per YLS and 56,400 Euro per QALY gained were concluded [26]. In contrast, the most favourable option found in this paper was regional screening with accommodation in regular hotels, which encompassed 0.5 million DKK (67,500 Euro)/YLS and 3.9 million DKK (0,53 million Euro)/QALY gained.…”

“…Only under the most favourable model assumptions were the CU-ratios comparable with the results by Wong et al . [26], where the authors concluded that the scarce resources in society might be better used elsewhere.…”