Background Background: Movement disorders (MDs) are increasingly being managed with deep brain stimulation (DBS). High-quality economic evaluations (EEs) are necessary to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of DBS. We conducted a systematic review of published EEs of the treatment of MDs with DBS. The review compares and contrasts the reported incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and methodology employed by trial-based evaluations (TBEs) and model-based evaluations (MBEs). Methods Methods: MeSH and search terms relevant to "MDs," "DBS," and "EEs" were used to search biomedical and economics databases. Studies that used a comparative design to evaluate DBS, including before-after studies, were included. Quality and reporting assessments were conducted independently by 2 authors. Seventeen studies that targeted Parkinson's disease (PD), dystonia, and essential tremor (ET), met our selection criteria.
ResultsResults: Mean scores for methodological and reporting quality were 73% and 76%, respectively. The ICERs for DBS compared with best medical therapy to treat PD patients obtained from MBEs had a lower mean and range compared with those obtained from TBEs ($55,461-$735,192 per quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] vs. $9,301-$65,111 per QALY). Pre-post ICER for DBS to treat dystonia was $64,742 per QALY. DBS was not costeffective in treating ET compared with focused-ultrasound surgery. Cost-effectiveness outcomes were sensitive to assumptions in health utilities, surgical costs, battery life-span, model time horizons, and the discount rate. Conclusions Conclusions: The infrequent use of randomized, controlled trials to evaluate DBS efficacy, the paucity of data reporting the long-term effectiveness and/or utility of DBS, and the uncertainty surrounding cost data limit our ability to report cost-effectiveness summaries that are robust.Movement disorders (MDs) are a set of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic neurological conditions that impact the speed, fluency, quality, and quality of movement. 1,2 MDs are caused by dysfunction of the basal ganglia 1 and adversely affect quality of life (QoL). To date, no effective cure has been found. The aim of treatment, of which pharmacy remains the mainstay, 3,4 is to alleviate motor and nonmotor symptoms of MDs. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a reversible neurosurgical procedure that can also be effective in controlling the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), 5-7 essential tremor (ET), 1,8 dystonia, 1,8 and Tourette's syndrome (TS). 3,9,10 Despite successful outcomes in many patients, DBS is associated with large upfront costs and has been associated with a range of adverse events including hemorrhage, 11,12 nervous system disorders, 13 infections, 11,13 and psychiatric disorders. 13 Economic evaluations (EEs) that compare the costs and health outcomes of new treatments with existing treatments are essential to ensuring that publicly funded medical interventions are not only safe and effective, but also cost-effective. 14 To date, published EEs of DBS have predominantly concentr...