Cost Effective Procedures for Extremely Efficient Synthesis of Environmental Friendly Surfactants

Abstract

Für die Synthese von Tensiden mit bestimmten Eigenschaften werden verschiedene Vorgehensweisen der Synthese ausgearbeitet. In der gegenwärtigen Arbeit werden einige kostengünstige Vorgehensweisen mit reduzierter Anzahl an Reaktionsschritten zur äußerst effizienten Synthese biologisch abbaubarer und umweltfreundlicher Tenside diskutiert. Die in diesen Methoden verwendeten Ausgangsmaterialien stammen aus ökonomisch günstigen Quellen wie Monosacchariden, Harzsäuren, Fettsäuren etc. Kosten entstehen dann nur noch aufgrund des Einsatzes von Lösemitteln und Spezialreagenzien. Obwohl viele Naturprodukte bereits jetzt schon erhältlich sind, sind nur einige wenige für die Umsetzung zu Tensiden geeignet. Die Diskussion über die Herstellung von verschiedenen Tensiden für gängige Produkte ergibt sich aus der Tatsache, dass kein gutes Universaltensid für jede potentielle Anwendung erhältlich ist.

Aggregation and electrochemical properties of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-dodecanoylthiourea: A novel thiourea-based non-ionic surfactant

“…Cyclic voltammetry: Cyclic voltammogram of mM 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-dodecanoylthiourea was first witnessed in the potential range of 0 -+1.4 V at a scan rate of 100 mV s −1 using supporting electrolyte of pH 10.0 as the signal at the mentioned pH was more prominent. [18][19][20] An irreversible anodic peak at +1.029 V related to the oxidation of the compound was observed as portrayed in figure 5.…”

Micelles as Soil and Water Decontamination Agents

“…Upon increasing the gas empty bed contact times (EBCTs) from 7.5 to 30.0 s, the RE increased from 38.3% to 61.4% for BTF2 and from 64.5% to 88.4% for BTF1. 1 Furthermore, Painmanakul and co-workers investigated the absorption mechanism of benzene in a small bubble column. 75 The presence of lubricant oil and nonionic surfactant was revealed to influence the mass transfer parameters, the interfacial area, and the bubble hydrodynamic mechanism.…”

“…The removal efficiency (RE) was revealed to increase from 56.8% to 62.8% and from 83.3% to 91.3% for BTF2 (without saponins) and BTF1 (with saponins) respectively, when loading rate of n -hexane was decreased from 120.0 to 47.80 g –3 h –1 . Upon increasing the gas empty bed contact times (EBCTs) from 7.5 to 30.0 s, the RE increased from 38.3% to 61.4% for BTF2 and from 64.5% to 88.4% for BTF1 . Furthermore, Painmanakul and co-workers investigated the absorption mechanism of benzene in a small bubble column .…”

“…The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols, chlorinated hydrocarbons, dyes, and heavy metal ions in industrial wastewater adversely affects the quality of fresh water and poses a serious threat to human beings and water-dwelling species. For the decontamination of aqueous systems, several conventional techniques such as solvent extraction, precipitation, adsorption, and ion exchange are commonly used; however, remediation technologies based on environmentally friendly surfactants excel all others due to their versatility, efficient toxins-removal performance, and compliance with the principles of “green chemistry”. − Surfactants form aggregates (micelles) in the bulk of solvents at critical micelle concentration (CMC), − and such aggregates typically contain 50–100 monomers . Each micelle has a tiny, nonpolar hydrocarbon droplet at its interior that can dissolve hydrophobic or relatively less polar solutes including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), PAHs, pesticides, and other organic contaminants .…”

“…Chemical technologies are hindered by decreased soil permeability, toxic byproduct formation, heat and gas production, and oxidant introduction into the soil. Therefore, new techniques for enhanced PAH degradation are being explored, and one such technique employs the use of surfactants for enhancing the solubility of PAHs and thus increasing the possibility of their bioavailability and degradation. ,, The development of surfactant-based water-detoxification technology is expected to provide critical information to the environmentalists and human health stakeholders to apply measures for protecting marine and human life from organic and inorganic contaminants.…”