Cost-Effective Hundred-Year Life for Single-Phase Inverters and Rectifiers in Solar and LED Lighting Applications Based on Minimum Capacitance Requirements and a Ripple Power Port

Krein, P.T.; Balog, Robert S.

doi:10.1109/apec.2009.4802723

Cited by 160 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The ecoinvent database states that the average lifespan of an inverter is 12.5 years but there is variation due to factors such as differences in durability [22]. To account for inverter lifespan variation, an average use of 2.4 inverters is assumed over an installation's lifetime.…”

Section: Operational Lifetimementioning

confidence: 99%

The carbon payback of micro-generation: An integrated hybrid input–output approach

Bush¹,

Jacques²,

Scott³

et al. 2014

Applied Energy

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Feed-in tariffs (FiTs) in the UK have been introduced to stimulate growth in small-scale renewables such as photovoltaics and micro-wind. They form one of the UK's key policies to decarbonise electricity by 2030. However, the evidence used to inform the policy was predominantly related to costs, capacity and deployment; not contribution to meeting decarbonisation targets. This paper employs an integrated hybrid lifecycle assessment method, which overcomes boundary limitations of traditional process-based assessments, to measure the full lifecycle emissions of solar PV and micro-wind technologies eligible under FiTs. Environmental assessments of policies often don't take account of the lifecycle emissions of technologies, therefore underestimating their emissions contribution and overestimating the success of policies towards decarbonisation targets.Considering the full lifecycle emissions, the paper assesses the effectiveness of FiTs for driving the UK's low carbon transition. The results demonstrate that, while there is still significant variation and uncertainty with such estimates, even with the most conservative figures, both the technologies can offer substantial emission savings compared to fossil fuel alternatives when installed in suitable locations. However, the renewable resource of installation sites is critical to the carbon intensity that the technologies can offer. Under a poor renewable resource their impacts can be as high as fossil fuels alternatives. As FiTs makes no distinction between installation sites this should form part of the assessment of funding. Finally, despite their potential for carbon reduction, with the full lifecycle of the considered technologies taken into account, a target of 50 gCO 2 e/kWh is not possible with the current technology generation efficiencies. The paper concludes that a complete re-assessment of the role of technologies in the decarbonisation of electricity is required to take into account the full lifecycle impacts to gain a more realistic picture of the mitigation potential. Highlights We apply novel lifecycle analysis methodology to solar PV and micro-wind technologies  We explore the implications of lifecycle emissions for meeting decarbonisation targets  A 50 gCO 2 e/kWh target cannot be achieved for the case studies considered  Availability of renewable resource is critical to the carbon intensity of electricity generation 2  The effectiveness of feed-in tariffs for driving decarbonisation in the UK is evaluated

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Section: Operational Lifetimementioning

confidence: 99%

The carbon payback of micro-generation: An integrated hybrid input–output approach

Bush¹,

Jacques²,

Scott³

et al. 2014

Applied Energy

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“…It should be noted that during phase 2 equations (10) and (11) are calculated from equations (5)- (8), and the i 1 (t) and i 2 (t) currents result in the pre-defined input current of the system over the line cycle providing good power factor. There are many relations among the stack capacitor values, power level, capacitor voltage variation, regulating converter operating range, and power factor.…”

Section: A Line-frequency Energy Bufferingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power conversion architecture for grid interface at high switching frequency

Lim

Otten

2014

2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2014

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Abstract-This paper presents a new power conversion architecture for single-phase grid interface. The proposed architecture is suitable for realizing miniaturized ac-dc converters operating at high frequencies (HF, above 3 MHz) and high power factor, without the need for electrolytic capacitors. It comprises of a line-frequency rectifier, a stack of capacitors, a set of regulating converters, and a power combining converter (or set of power combining converters). The regulating converters have inputs connected to capacitors on the capacitor stack, and provide regulated outputs while also achieving high power factor, with twice-line-frequency energy buffered on the capacitor stack. The power combining converter combines power from the individual regulated outputs to a single output, and may also provide isolation. While this architecture can be utilized with a variety of circuit topologies, it is especially suited for systems operating at HF (above 3 MHz), and we introduce circuit implementations that enable efficient operation in this range. The proposed approach is demonstrated for an LED driver operating from 120 Vac, and supplying a 35 V , 30 W output. The prototype converter operates at a (variable) switching frequency of 5-10 MHz and an efficiency of > 93%. The converter achieves a displacement power density of 130 W/in 3 , while providing a 0.89 power factor, without the use of electrolytic capacitors.

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“…Upon examination, we see that the far right term is minimized for large ω. The ZVS condition (15) places an upper bound on ω, so the logical choice is ω = ω max . Substituting this into (17), the expression becomes…”

Section: Maximum Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relationship between voltage ripple, power, frequency, and capacitance is given in [15]. MPWM is implemented with the on-off controller, which senses the average value of the supply current with a second-order low-pass filter.…”

Section: Automatic Duty Cycle Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capacitive Power Transfer

Kline¹

2010

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Date 1 AbstractThe simplicity and low cost of capacitive interfaces makes them very attractive for wireless charging stations and galvanically isolated power supplies. Major benefits include low electromagnetic radiation and the amenability of combined power and data transfer over the same interface.We present a capacitive power transfer circuit using series resonance that enables efficient high frequency, moderate voltage operation through soft-switching. An included analysis predicts fundamental limitations on the maximum achievable efficiency for a given amount of coupling capacitance and is used to find the optimum circuit component values and operating point.A prototype capacitive charger achieves near 80% efficiency at 3.7 W with only 63 pF of coupling capacitance. An automatic tuning loop adjusts the frequency from 4.2 MHz down to 4 MHz to allow for 25% variation in the nominal coupling capacitance.The duty cycle is also automatically adjusted to maintain over 70% efficiency for light loads down to 0.3 W.Simulation results from a galvanically isolated LED driver (work in progress) indicate that efficiencies over 90% at 12.6 W output power are possible using only 500 pF of capacitance. Regulation of LED current is accomplished by tuning the frequency of the series resonant circuit, eliminating the need for secondary-side current sense and regulation electronics.

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Cost-Effective Hundred-Year Life for Single-Phase Inverters and Rectifiers in Solar and LED Lighting Applications Based on Minimum Capacitance Requirements and a Ripple Power Port

Cited by 160 publications

References 10 publications

The carbon payback of micro-generation: An integrated hybrid input–output approach

The carbon payback of micro-generation: An integrated hybrid input–output approach

Power conversion architecture for grid interface at high switching frequency

Capacitive Power Transfer

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